Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and spontaneous Raman spectroscopy and microscopy of microalgae with nitrogen depletion
Open accessAbstract
Microalgae are extensively researched as potential feedstocks for biofuel production. Energy-rich compounds in microalgae, such as lipids, require efficient characterization techniques to investigate the metabolic pathways and the environmental factors influencing their accumulation. The model green alga Coccomyxa accumulates significant amounts of triacylglycerols (TAGs) under nitrogen depletion (N-depletion). To monitor the growth of TAGs (lipid) in microalgal cells, a study of microalgal cells (Coccomyxa sp. C169) using both spontaneous Raman and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy and microscopy were carried out. Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy was conducted to analyze the components in the algal cells, while CARS was carried out to monitor the distribution of lipid droplets in the cells. Raman signals of carotenoid are greater in control microalgae compared to N-depleted cells. Raman signals of lipid droplets appear after N-depletion and its distribution can be clearly observed in the CARS microscopy. Both spontaneous Raman spectroscopy and CARS microscopy were found to be suitable analysis tools for microalgae.
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The use of CARS microscopy for lipid visualization in microalgae was demonstrated in Coccomyxa subellipsoidea C169, but the analyses were limited by a significant overlap between chlorophyll two-photon excited fluorescence and the CARS signals.
“Recently, the use of CARS microscopy for lipid visualization in microalgae was demonstrated as a proof-of-principle study in the microalga Coccomyxa subellipsoidea C169. The analyses, however, were limited by a significant overlap between chlorophyll two-photon excited fluorescence and the CARS signals24.”
From Label-free in vivo analysis of intracellular lipid droplets in the oleaginous microalga Monoraphidium neglectum by coherent Raman scattering microscopy (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
Soft sensors can be used to model real-time CPP data (e.g. pH and DO) and infrequent off-line analysis of macromolecules to interpolate artificial real-time values to monitor a number of bioprocesses.
“Software sensors or soft sensors, also referred to as inferential sensors [111], virtual online analyzers [112], and observer-based sensors [113], can be used to model real-time CPP data (e.g. pH and DO) and infrequent off-line analysis of macromolecules to interpolate artificial real-time values [8,9,114] to monitor a number of bioprocesses.”
From Microalgal process-monitoring based on high-selectivity spectroscopy tools: status and future perspectives (2018) · cites this paper as [114]
The Introduction and System Description discuss Raman and CARS measurements of microalgae, not soft sensors. Searches for real-time CPP data, pH, dissolved oxygen, off-line macromolecule analysis, and interpolation found no passage addressing the attributed claim; page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)
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- Authors
- He, X. N., Allen, J., Black, P. N., Baldacchini, T., Huang, X., Huang, H., Jiang, L., & Lu, Y. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Beijing Institute of Technology (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Lu, Y. F.
- Venue
- Biomedical Optics Express
- Publisher
- Optica Publishing Group
- Published
- 2012-10-18
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2896
- ISSN
- 2156-7085 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3493223
- OpenAlex
- W2087283984
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biomedical Optics Express (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1126208)
- Office of Naval Research
- Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Studies
- Keywords
- microalgae, nitrogen starvation, Coccomyxa, triglycerides, lipid accumulation, lipid droplets, carotenoids, biofuel feedstock, spontaneous Raman spectroscopy, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy
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