Cinnamon use in type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: Cinnamon has been studied in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for its glycemic-lowering effects, but studies have been small and show conflicting results. A prior meta-analysis did not show significant results, but several RCTs have been published since then. We conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs evaluating cinnamon's effect on glycemia and lipid levels. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched through February 2012. Included RCTs evaluated cinnamon compared with control in patients with type 2 diabetes and reported at least one of the following: glycated hemoglobin (A1c), fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), or triglycerides. Weighted mean differences (with 95% confidence intervals) for endpoints were calculated using random-effects models. RESULTS: In a meta-analysis of 10 RCTs (n = 543 patients), cinnamon doses of 120 mg/d to 6 g/d for 4 to 18 weeks reduced levels of fasting plasma glucose (-24.59 mg/dL; 95% CI, -40.52 to -8.67 mg/dL), total cholesterol (-15.60 mg/dL; 95% CI, -29.76 to -1.44 mg/dL), LDL-C (-9.42 mg/dL; 95% CI, -17.21 to -1.63 mg/dL), and triglycerides (-29.59 mg/dL; 95% CI, -48.27 to -10.91 mg/dL). Cinnamon also increased levels of HDL-C (1.66 mg/dL; 95% CI, 1.09 to 2.24 mg/dL). No significant effect on hemoglobin A1c levels (-0.16%; 95%, CI -0.39% to 0.02%) was seen. High degrees of heterogeneity were present for all analyses except HDL-C (I(2) ranging from 66.5% to 94.72%). CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of cinnamon is associated with a statistically significant decrease in levels of fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglyceride levels, and an increase in HDL-C levels; however, no significant effect on hemoglobin A1c was found. The high degree of heterogeneity may limit the ability to apply these results to patient care, because the preferred dose and duration of therapy are unclear.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of herbal supplements and micronutrients, such as cinnamon, curcumin, vitamin D, aloe vera, or chromium, to improve glycemia in people with diabetes.
“In addition, there is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of herbal supplements and micronutrients, such as cinnamon (220), curcumin, vitamin D (221), aloe vera, or chromium, to improve glycemia in people with diabetes (70,222).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [220]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139 · see citing works
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722 · see citing works
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 · Cited by 39,552 · see citing works
The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials
Higgins, J. P. T., Altman, D. G., Gotzsche, P. C., Juni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A. D., Savovic, J., Schulz, K. F., Weeks, L., Sterne, J. A. C., et al. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d5928 · Cited by 33,817 · see citing works
Rubins, H. B., Robins, S. J., Collins, D., Fye, C. L., Anderson, J. W., Elam, M. B., Faas, F. H., Linares, E., Schaefer, E. J., Schectman, G., et al. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199908053410604 · Cited by 3,439 · see citing works
Bantle (2008) · doi:10.2337/dc08-s061 · Cited by 1,795 · see citing works
Meta-analysis: glycosylated hemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus
Selvin, E., Marinopoulos, S., Berkenblit, G., Rami, T., Brancati, F. L., Powe, N. R., & Golden, S. H. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-6-200409210-00007 · Cited by 1,657 · see citing works
Variance imputation for overviews of clinical trials with continuous response
Follmann, D. A., Elliott, P., Suh, I., & Cutler, J. A. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(92)90054-q · Cited by 1,391 · see citing works
Cinnamon improves glucose and lipids of people with type 2 diabetes
Khan, A., Safdar, M., Ali Khan, M. M., Khattak, K. N., & Anderson, R. A. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.12.3215 · Cited by 981 · cited 1× · see citing works
“2 g/d was associated with an increase in fasting plasma glucose levels,10,14 and hemoglobin A1c levels9,10; however, others have reported reductions in glycemic parameters at doses between 1 to 6 g/d6-9,12,13 and in hemoglobin A1c.(6-9,11-13) The same conflict occurs in lipid parameters, at 1 g/d total cholesterol,10…”
BackgroundAschner, P. J., Kipnes, M. S., Lunceford, J. K., Sanchez, M., Mickel, C., Williams‐Herman, D., & for the Sitagliptin Study 021 Group (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0703 · Cited by 878 · see citing works
Efficacy and Metabolic Effects of Metformin and Troglitazone in Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Inzucchi, S. E., Maggs, D. G., Spollett, G. R., Page, S. L., Rife, F. S., Walton, V., & Shulman, G. I. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199803263381303 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
Mang, B., Wolters, M., Schmitt, B., Kelb, K., Lichtinghagen, R., Stichtenoth, D. O., & Hahn, A. (2006) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2006.01629.x · Cited by 354 · cited 1× · see citing works
“2 g/d was associated with an increase in fasting plasma glucose levels,10,14 and hemoglobin A1c levels9,10; however, others have reported reductions in glycemic parameters at doses between 1 to 6 g/d6-9,12,13 and in hemoglobin A1c.(6-9,11-13) The same conflict occurs in lipid parameters, at 1 g/d total cholesterol,10…”
BackgroundBantle, J. P., Wylie-Rosett, J., Albright, A. L., Apovian, C. M., Clark, N. G., Franz, M. J., Hoogwerf, B. J., Lichtenstein, A. H., Mayer-Davis, E., Mooradian, A. D., et al. (2008) · University Libraries (University of Maryland) · doi:10.13016/f2uw-dtxz · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Crawford, P. F. (2009) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2009.05.080093 · Cited by 247 · cited 1× · see citing works
“2 g/d was associated with an increase in fasting plasma glucose levels,10,14 and hemoglobin A1c levels9,10; however, others have reported reductions in glycemic parameters at doses between 1 to 6 g/d6-9,12,13 and in hemoglobin A1c.(6-9,11-13) The same conflict occurs in lipid parameters, at 1 g/d total cholesterol,10…”
BackgroundVanschoonbeek, K., Thomassen, B. J., Senden, J. M., Wodzig, W. K., & van Loon, L. J. (2006) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.4.977 · Cited by 241 · cited 1× · see citing works
“2 g/d was associated with an increase in fasting plasma glucose levels,10,14 and hemoglobin A1c levels9,10; however, others have reported reductions in glycemic parameters at doses between 1 to 6 g/d6-9,12,13 and in hemoglobin A1c.(6-9,11-13) The same conflict occurs in lipid parameters, at 1 g/d total cholesterol,10…”
BackgroundAkilen, R., Tsiami, A., Devendra, D., & Robinson, N. (2010) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03079.x · Cited by 230 · cited 1× · see citing works
“2 g/d was associated with an increase in fasting plasma glucose levels,10,14 and hemoglobin A1c levels9,10; however, others have reported reductions in glycemic parameters at doses between 1 to 6 g/d6-9,12,13 and in hemoglobin A1c.(6-9,11-13) The same conflict occurs in lipid parameters, at 1 g/d total cholesterol,10…”
BackgroundEffect of cinnamon on glucose and lipid levels in non insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes
Blevins, S. M., Leyva, M. J., Brown, J., Wright, J., Scofield, R. H., & Aston, C. E. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-0098 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Sheng, X., Zhang, Y., Gong, Z., Huang, C., & Zang, Y. Q. (2008) · PPAR Research · doi:10.1155/2008/581348 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Anand, P., Murali, K. Y., Tandon, V., Murthy, P. S., & Chandra, R. (2010) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.044 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Lu, T., Sheng, H., Wu, J., Cheng, Y., Zhu, J., & Chen, Y. (2012) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.05.003 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Effect of Cinnamon on Glucose Control and Lipid Parameters
Baker, W. L., Gutierrez-Williams, G., White, C. M., Kluger, J., & Coleman, C. I. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-1711 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Herbal remedies and clinical biochemistry
Corns, C. M. (2003) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1258/000456303322326407 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Cinnamon Intake Lowers Fasting Blood Glucose: Meta-Analysis
Davis, P. A., & YOKOYAMA, W. H. (2011) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2010.0180 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The effect of cinnamon cassia powder in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Suppapitiporn, S., Kanpaksi, N., & Suppapitiporn, S. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Wainstein, J., Stern, N., Heller, S., & Boaz, M. (2011) · Journal of Medicinal Food · doi:10.1089/jmf.2010.0300 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ulbricht, C. E., Seamon, E., Windsor, R. C., Armbruester, N., Bryan, J. K., Costa, D., Giese, N., Gruenwald, J., Iovin, R. C., Isaac, R., et al. (2011) · Journal of Dietary Supplements · doi:10.3109/19390211.2011.627783 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cinnamon May Reduce Glucose, Lipid and Cholesterol Level in Type 2 Diabetic Individuals
Khan, R., Khan, Z., & Shah, S. H. (2010) · Pakistan Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3923/pjn.2010.430.433 · Cited by 39 · cited 1× · see citing works
“2 g/d was associated with an increase in fasting plasma glucose levels,10,14 and hemoglobin A1c levels9,10; however, others have reported reductions in glycemic parameters at doses between 1 to 6 g/d6-9,12,13 and in hemoglobin A1c.(6-9,11-13) The same conflict occurs in lipid parameters, at 1 g/d total cholesterol,10…”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
5. Lifestyle Management:<i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019</i>
American Diabetes Association (2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-s005 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
“In addition, there is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of herbals and micronutrients, such as cinnamon (124), curcumin, vitamin D (125), or chromium, to improve glycemia in people with diabetes (35,126).”
Background4. Lifestyle Management: <i>Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2018</i>
American Diabetes Association (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-s004 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
“In addition, there is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of herbals and micronutrients, such as cinnamon (115) and vitamin D (116), to improve glycemic control in people with diabetes (42,117).”
BackgroundPolyphenols and Glycemic Control
Kim, Y., Keogh, J. B., & Clifton, P. M. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8010017 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
“Two recently updated meta-analyses showed that the intake of cinnamon/cinnamon extracts lowered fasting glucose levels [123,124].”
BackgroundElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Aroda, V. R., Bannuru, R. R., Brown, F. M., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Hilliard, M. E., Isaacs, D., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-s005 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
(2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-s005 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
“In addition, there is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of herbal supplements and micronutrients, such as cinnamon (138), curcumin, vitamin D (139), aloe vera, or chromium, to improve glycemia in people with diabetes (41,140).”
BackgroundAmerican Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-s005 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
American Diabetes Association (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-s005 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
“addition, there is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of herbal supplements and micronutrients, such as cinnamon (155), curcumin, vitamin D (156), aloe vera,orchromium, to improveglycemia in people with diabetes (46,157).”
BackgroundElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Bannuru, R. R., Beverly, E. A., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Darville, A. K., Ekhlaspour, L., Hassanein, M. M., Hilliard, M. E., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-s005 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
American Diabetes Association (2017) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-s007 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
“In addition, there is insufficient evidence to support the routine use of herbals andmicronutrients, such as cinnamon (93) and vitamin D (94), to improve glycemic control in people with diabetes (37,95).”
BackgroundBagherniya, M., Nobili, V., Blesso, C. N., & Sahebkar, A. (2017) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2017.12.020 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Zare, R., Nadjarzadeh, A., Zarshenas, M. M., Shams, M., & Heydari, M. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.03.003 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The glycaemic outcomes of Cinnamon, a review of the experimental evidence and clinical trials
Medagama, A. B. (2015) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-015-0098-9 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“02 %) [63].”
Gunawardena, D., Karunaweera, N., Lee, S., van der Kooy, F., Harman, D. G., Raju, R., Bennett, L. E., Gyengési, E., Sucher, N. J., & Münch, G. W. (2015) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c4fo00680a · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Cinnamon extract lowers glucose, insulin and cholesterol in people with elevated serum glucose
Anderson, R. A., Zhan, Z., Luo, R., Guo, X., Guo, Q., Zhou, J. J., Kong, J., Davis, P. A., & Stoecker, B. J. (2015) · Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.03.005 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Cinnamon and its derivatives as potential ingredient in functional food—A review
Muhammad, D. R. A., & Dewettinck, K. (2017) · International Journal of Food Properties · doi:10.1080/10942912.2017.1369102 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Phytotherapy in the management of diabetes: A review
Governa, P., Baini, G., Borgonetti, V., Cettolin, G., Giachetti, D., Magnano, A., Miraldi, E., & Biagi, M. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23010105 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“The oral consumption or supplementation with cinnamon, usually in combination with standard hypoglycemic medications or other lifestyle therapies, has been associated to modest effects on fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c [171], and to a decrease in levels of triglycerides, total and LDL cholesterol and to an…”
BackgroundCinnamon: Mystic powers of a minute ingredient
Kawatra, P., & Rajagopalan, R. (2015) · Pharmacognosy Research · doi:10.4103/0974-8490.157990 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“done for 10 randomized controlled trials including 543 patients has established that cinnamon, when taken in a dose of 120 mg/day to 6 g/day for approximately 4 months leads to a statistical decrease in levels of fasting plasma glucose along with an improvement in the lipid profile.[12]”
BackgroundReinholds, I., Bartkevičs, V., Silvis, I. C. J., van Ruth, S. M., & Esslinger, S. (2015) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2015.05.004 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Alzahrani, A. S., Price, M. J., Greenfield, S., & Paudyal, V. (2021) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-021-03097-x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Do Cinnamon Supplements Have a Role in Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes? A Narrative Review
Costello, R. B., Dwyer, J. T., Saldanha, L. G., Bailey, R. L., Merkel, J. M., & Wambogo, E. A. (2016) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2016.07.015 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Shang, C., Lin, H., Fang, X., Wang, Y., Jiang, Z., Qu, Y., Xiang, M., Shen, Z., Xin, L., Lu, Y., et al. (2021) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d1fo01935j · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Hariri, M., & Ghiasvand, R. (2016) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_1 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“The studies did not affect hemoglobin A1c levels [27].”
BackgroundAn ethno-medicinal study of medicinal plants used for the treatment of diabetes
Baharvand-Ahmadi, B., Bahmani, M., Tajeddini, P., Naghdi, N., & Rafieian‐Kopaei, M. (2015) · Journal of Nephropathology · doi:10.15171/jnp.2016.08 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Although, it has been shown that various herbal components such as phenolics, tannins, saponins and alkaloids have antidiabetic properties, flavonoids and phenolic components are characterized as the main blood glucose lowering components (32-35).”
BackgroundSilva, M. L., Bernardo, A., Singh, J., & de Mesquita, M. F. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14132773 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Published data have shown that cinnamon possesses a hypoglycemic effect in T2DM [9].”
BackgroundDeyno, S., Eneyew, K., Seyfe, S., Tuyiringire, N., Peter, E. L., Muluye, R. A., Tolo, C. U., & Ogwang, P. E. (2019) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107815 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Gupta, P., Bala, M., Gupta, S. K., Dua, A., Dabur, R., Injeti, E. R., & Mittal, A. (2016) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.09.029 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Talaei, B., Amouzegar, A., Sahranavard, S., Hedayati, M., Mirmiran, P., & Azizi, F. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9090991 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Generally, considering the conflicting results on the probable beneficial effects of cinnamon supplement on glycemic indicators [13], more research proposed dose and duration of cinnamon supplementation in diabetic patients is obviously warranted and, at present, cinnamon cannot generally be recommended for treatment…”
BackgroundMirfeizi, M., Tourzani, Z. M., Mirfeizi, S. Z., Jafarabadi, M. A., Rezvani, H. R., & Afzali, M. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12342 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Maierean, S. M., Șerban, M.-C., Sahebkar, A., Ursoniu, S., Serban, A., Penson, P. E., & Banach, M. (2017) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2017.08.004 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Willcox, M. L., Elugbaju, C., Al-Anbaki, M., Lown, M. T., & Graz, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.777561 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Cotillard, A., Vatier, C., Bastard, J.-P., Fellahi, S., Stévant, M., Allatif, O., Langlois, C., Bieuvelet, S., Brochot, A., et al. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138646 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“This is in agreement with a previous study in pre-diabetic subjects (21) and with a recent meta-analysis [19] in T2D patients.”
ResultMahdavi, A., Bagherniya, M., Fakheran, O., Reiner, Ž., Xu, S., & Sahebkar, A. (2020) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1684 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Mousavi, S. M., Rahmani, J., Kord-Varkaneh, H., Sheikhi, A., Larijani, B., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.02.017 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“In addition to its effect on bodyweight, cinnamon supplementation has also been shown to improveweight-related disorders including blood triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C levels, fasting plasma glucose, and HbA1c levels in humans [19,46,47].”
BackgroundStimulation of GLP-1 Secretion Downstream of the Ligand-Gated Ion Channel TRPA1
Emery, E. C., Diakogiannaki, E., Gentry, C., Psichas, A., Habib, A. M., Bevan, S., Fischer, M. J. M., Reimann, F. M., & Gribble, F. M. (2014) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db14-0737 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“A recent meta-analysis investigating the effects of dietary cinnamon, which contains the TRPA1 agonist cinnamaldehyde, showed that there was a significant improvement in levels of fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels after 4–18 weeks of increased cinnamon intake (45).”
BackgroundCruz‐Tirado, J. P., Brasil, Y. L., Lima, A. F., Pretel, H. A., Godoy, H. T., Barbin, D. F., & Siché, R. (2022) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2022.122226 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Cinnamaldehyde induces fat cell-autonomous thermogenesis and metabolic reprogramming
Jiang, J., Emont, M. P., Jun, H., Qiao, X., Liao, J., Kim, D., & Wu, J. (2017) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.08.006 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Interestingly, cinnamon consumption has also been reported to correlate with lower levels of fasting blood glucose in human studies [5].”
BackgroundJansen, C., Baker, J. D., Kodaira, E., Ang, L., Bacani, A. J., Aldan, J. T., Shimoda, L. M. N., Salameh, M. I., Small-Howard, A. L., Stokes, A. J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113477 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Furman, B. L., Candasamy, M., Bhattamisra, S. K., & Veettil, S. K. (2019) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.112264 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Diabetes
Grossman, L. D., Roscoe, R. S., & Shack, A. R. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.10.023 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
To what extent does cinnamon administration improve the glycemic and lipid profiles?
Santos, H. O., & da Silva, G. A. R. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.07.011 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cinnamon: The historic spice, medicinal uses, and flavour chemistry
Spence, C. J. (2023) · International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2023.100858 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Santos, H. O., Howell, S., & Teixeira, F. J. (2019) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2019.02.033 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Advances in pharmacological effects and mechanism of action of cinnamaldehyde
Guo, J., Yan, S., Jiang, X., Su, Z., Zhang, F., Xie, J., Hao, E., & Yao, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1365949 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Effect of Cinnamon Tea on Postprandial Glucose Concentration
Bernardo, A., Silva, M. L., Santos, E., Moncada, M. M., Brito, J., Proença, L., Singh, J., & de Mesquita, M. F. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2015/913651 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Cinnamon is one of these spices that has been demonstrated to be effective in improving glycaemia [14, 15] both in healthy and diabetic subjects.”
Gu, D.-T., Tung, T.-H., Jiesisibieke, Z. L., Chien, C.-W., & Liu, W.-Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.790901 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Do Cinnamon Supplements Cause Acute Hepatitis?
Zughaib, M. (2015) · American Journal of Case Reports · doi:10.12659/ajcr.892804 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“studies have reported that the coumarin in cinnamon is associated with acute liver damage [10,11].”
BackgroundWhitfield, P., Parry-Strong, A., Walsh, E., Weatherall, M., & Krebs, J. D. (2016) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-015-0926-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Bule, M. H., Albelbeisi, A. H., Nikfar, S., Amini, M., & Abdollahi, M. R. (2020) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.108980 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Nutraceuticals: Reviewing their Role in Chronic Disease Prevention and Management
Bergamin, A., Mantzioris, E., Cross, G., Deo, P., Garg, S., & Hill, A. M. (2019) · Pharmaceutical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40290-019-00289-w · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Chattopadhyay, K., Wang, H., Kaur, J., Nalbant, G., Almaqhawi, A., Kundakci, B., Jeemon, P., Heinrich, M., Lewis, S., Greenfield, S., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.821810 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“(Hardy et al., 2001; Yeh et al., 2003; Shekelle et al., 2005; Nahas andMoher, 2009; Shojaii et al., 2011; Sridharan et al., 2011; Suksomboon et al., 2011; Akilen et al., 2012; Allen et al., 2013; Gibb et al., 2015; Namazi et al., 2019; Peter et al., 2019; Jalali et al., 2020; Jamali et al., 2020) It should be noted th…”
BackgroundMousavi, S. M., Karimi, E., Hajishafiee, M., Milajerdi, A., Amini, M. R., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2019) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2019.1678012 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mahdavi, A., Bagherniya, M., Mirenayat, M. S., Atkin, S. L., & Sahebkar, A. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_13 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
D’Adamo, C. R., McArdle, P. F., Balick, L., Peisach, E., Ferguson, T., Diehl, A., Bustad, K., Bowden, B., Pierce, B. A., & Berman, B. (2016) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117116646333 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Natural Health Products and Diabetes: A Practical Review
Necyk, C., & Zubach-Cassano, L. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.06.014 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Rapid authentication measurement of cinnamon powder using FT-NIR and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques
Yasmin, J., Ahmed, M. R., Lohumi, S., Wakholi, C., Lee, H., Mo, C., & Cho, B. (2019) · Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods · doi:10.3920/qas2018.1318 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Heshmati, J., Sepidarkish, M., Morvaridzadeh, M., Farsi, F., Tripathi, N., Razavi, M., & Rezaeinejad, M. (2021) · Journal of Food Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/jfbc.13543 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
A review of the anti-diabetic potential of saffron
Sani, A., Tajik, A., Seiiedi, S. S., Khadem, R., Tootooni, H., Taherynejad, M., Eqlidi, N. S., Dana, S. M. M. A., & Deravi, N. (2022) · Nutrition and Metabolic Insights · doi:10.1177/11786388221095223 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Targeting dyslipidemia by herbal medicines: A systematic review of meta-analyses
Adel-Mehraban, M. S., Tabatabaei‐Malazy, O., Rahimi, R., Daniali, M., Khashayar, P., & Larijani, B. A. (2021) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2021.114407 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Kang, S., Kang, S. M., Choi, J. H., Ko, S., Koo, B. K., Kwon, H.-S., Kim, M. K., Kim, S. Y., Kim, S., Kim, Y., et al. (2025) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2025.0469 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Huang, H., Chen, G., Dong, Y. Q., Zhu, Y., & Chen, H. (2017) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201700438 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ethnopharmacological knowledge of Shiraz and Fasa in Fars region of Iran for diabetes mellitus
Nowbandegani, A. S., Kiumarcy, S., Rahmani, F., Dokouhaki, M., Khademian, S., Zarshenas, M. M., & Faridi, P. (2015) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.017 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Bioactives from culinary spices and herbs: a review
Embuscado, M. E. (2019) · Journal of Food Bioactives · doi:10.31665/jfb.2019.6186 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Yazdanpanah, Z., Azadi‐Yazdi, M., Hooshmandi, H., Ramezani‐Jolfaie, N., & Salehi‐Abargouei, A. (2019) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.6539 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Supplements for Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of the Literature
Yilmaz, Z., Piracha, F., Anderson, L., & Mazzola, N. (2016) · Journal of Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.1177/0897190016663070 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Zarezadeh, M., Musazadeh, V., Foroumandi, E., Keramati, M., Ostadrahimi, A., & Mekary, R. A. (2023) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-023-01057-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“The effects of cinnamon supplementation on HbA1c levels Combining the data from seven meta-analyses with eight effect sizes indicated a significant effect of cinnamon supplementation on HbA1c levels (WMD: -0.10%; 95% CI: -0.17, -0.03, p = 0.01), without significant between-study Table 1 Characteristics of included stu…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMackonochie, M., Rodriguez‐Mateos, A., Mills, S. Y., & Rolfe, V. E. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15234867 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“There are a number of meta-analyses of cinnamon in diabetes [172,176–182]; however, there did not appear to be any assessing blood glucose control in healthy individuals.”
BackgroundZhu, C., Yan, H., Zheng, Y., Santos, H. O., Macit, M. S., & Zhao, K. (2020) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102517 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Adisso, É. L., Zomahoun, H. T. V., Gogovor, A., & Légaré, F. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240371 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
CURRENT TREATMENTS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES, THEIR SIDE EFFECTS AND POSSIBLE COMPLEMENTARY TREATMENTS
Kalsi, A., Singh, S., Taneja, N., Kukal, S., & Mani, S. (2015) · International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Huang, H., Liao, D., Chen, G., Chen, H., & Zhu, Y. (2017) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-017-0290-1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“A recent meta-analysis reported that consumption of cinnamon is associated with a statistically significant decrease in the levels of FBG, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglyceride levels and an increase in HDL-C levels [11].”
BackgroundRisk Factors and Lifestyle Interventions
Salzberg, L. (2022) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2021.11.001 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Natural products for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and comorbid conditions
Smith, J. D., & Clinard, V. B. (2014) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1331/japha.2014.14537 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Shinjyo, N., Waddell, G., & Green, J. (2020) · Journal of Herbal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100342 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“2013, a meta-analysis (Allen et al., 2013) found significant improvement in fasting blood”
MethodJamali, N., Kazemi, A., Saffari‐Chaleshtori, J., Samare‐Najaf, M., Mohammadi, V., & Clark, C. C. T. (2020) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102571 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zelicha, H., Yang, J., Henning, S. M., Huang, J., Lee, R., Thames, G., Livingston, E. H., Heber, D., & Li, Z. (2024) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.01.008 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Wickenberg, J., Lindstedt, S., Nilsson, J. Å., & Hlebowicz, J. (2014) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-96 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“A new meta-analysis in 2013 of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients revealed a decrease in fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, total cholesterol, LDL and triacylglycerol levels, and an increase in HDL, but no change in HbA1c, after the ingestion of cinnamon [38].”
Optimizing Non-Pharmacologic Management of Hypertriglyceridemia
Byrne, A., Makadia, S., Sutherland, A., & Miller, M. (2017) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.11.017 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis in T2DM found that consumption of Cinnamomum cassia extract or raw powder (~1 teaspoon daily) up to 18 weeks was associated with an approximate 30 mg/dL decrease in TG and corresponded to reductions in fasting plasma glucose (−25 mg/dL), total cholesterol (−16 mg/dL), LDL-C (−9 mg/dL) and small rise in…”
BackgroundCinnamon and Cassia Nomenclature Confusion: A Challenge to the Applicability of Clinical Data
Oketch‐Rabah, H. A., Marles, R. J., & Brinckmann, J. A. (2018) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt.1162 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“An update of a systematic review and meta- analysis by Allen et al.47 included data from 10 clinical studies, including eight of the studies in the Leach and Kumar review32,34,36–38,40,41 and two additional studies.48,49 The Allen et al.47 review concluded that the intake of cinnamon increased high- density lipoprotei…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSingletary, K. W. (2019) · Nutrition Today · doi:10.1097/nt.0000000000000319 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Çelik, R., Mert, H., Comba, B., & Mert, N. (2022) · Biomarkers · doi:10.1080/1354750x.2022.2032351 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“The insulinotropic effects of cinnamaldehyde have been investigated and are thought to induce insulin release by regulating protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and insulin receptor kinase (Allen et al. 2013).”
BackgroundChatterji, S., & Fogel, D. (2018) · Integrative Medicine Research · doi:10.1016/j.imr.2018.04.002 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Delgado, G., Kleber, M. E., Krämer, B. K., Morcos, M., Humpert, P. M., Wiegand, K., Mauldin, A., Kusterer, K., Enghofer, M., März, W., et al. (2018) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/a-0677-6068 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“However, the amount is not comparable to the doses used in studies that reported such effects [18, 19].”
ResultMaleki, V., Faghfouri, A. H., Tabrizi, F. P. F., Moludi, J., Saleh‐Ghadimi, S., Vayghan, H. J., & Qaisar, S. A. (2021) · Journal of Ovarian Research · doi:10.1186/s13048-021-00870-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that cinnamon has anti-oxidant [17], anti-inflammatory [18], anti-diabetic [19, 20], antifungal and antibacterial properties [21], as well as improving nausea and diarrhea [22].”
BackgroundFarazandeh, M., Mahmoudabady, M., Asghari, A. A., & Niazmand, S. (2022) · Journal of Food Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/jfbc.14206 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Medical nutrition therapy for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Barrea, L., Verde, L., Colao, A., Mandarino, L. J., & Muscogiuri, G. (2025) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-025-01161-5 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kutbi, E., Sohouli, M. H., Fatahi, S., Lari, A., Shidfar, F., Aljhdali, M. M., Alhoshan, F. M., Elahi, S. S., Almusa, H. A., & Abu‐Zaid, A. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1896473 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Furthermore, for some of these meta-analysis studies (Allen et al. 2013, Maierean et al., 2017), the literature search was limited to 2016 and studies published afterward in recent years have not been included.”
BackgroundResultMousavi, S. M. H., Jayedi, A., Bagheri, A., Zargarzadeh, N., Wong, A., Persad, E., Akhgarjand, C., & Koohdani, F. (2021) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.7200 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Cinnamon supplementation can improve glycemic control and mitigate oxidative stress in patients with diabetes (Allen et al., 2013) and, as a result, can reduce the release of these enzymes from the liver and other tissues.”
BackgroundPant, N., Bushick, K., McAllister, A., Lee, W., Van de Walle, C., & Kioupakis, E. (2015) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674371506001212 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Chandana, N. G. A. S. S., & Morlock, G. E. (2021) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129135 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Alkhatib, D. H., Jaleel, A., Tariq, M. N. M., Feehan, J., Apostolopoulos, V., Ismail, L. C., Stojanovska, L., & Dhaheri, A. S. A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14010175 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Another randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial conducted in individuals with type-2 diabetes for 2 months examined the effects of ginger powder on glycemic parameters and found that ginger significantly increased insulin sensitivity, but had no effect on FBG and HbA1c [85].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCottrell, J. J., Furness, J. B., Wijesiriwardana, U. A., Ringuet, M. T., Liu, F., DiGiacomo, K., Leury, B. J., Clarke, I. J., & Dunshea, F. R. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10040690 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“A recent meta-analysis has shown that short term cinnamon intake improves glycemic control [10], including in type 2 diabetics [11].”
BackgroundRegulation of Apolipoprotein B by Natural Products and Nutraceuticals: A Comprehensive Review
Bagherniya, M., Johnston, T. P., & Sahebkar, A. (2020) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867327666200427092114 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sarmadi, B., Musazadeh, V., Dehghan, P., & Karimi, E. (2023) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2023.03.010 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Haldar, S., Chia, S. C., Lee, S. H., Lim, J. C. L., Leow, M. K., Chan, E. C. Y., & Henry, C. J. (2017) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-017-1594-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Shirzad, F., Morovatdar, N., Rezaee, R., Tsarouhas, K., & Moghaddam, A. A. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22038/ajp.2020.16138 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In a randomized double -blind control trial, 16- week administration of 3 g cinnamon per day to subjects with metabolic syndrome, led to significant decreases in fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C) and body mass index (BMI) as well as marked improvements of blood pressure, serum total cholester…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWang, J., Wang, S., Yang, J., Henning, S. M., Ezzat‐Zadeh, Z., Woo, S., Qin, T., Pan, Y., Tseng, C., Heber, D., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.619782 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kumar, S., Sharma, S. K., Mudgal, S. K., Gaur, R., Agarwal, R. K., Singh, H., & Kalra, S. (2023) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102826 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Assessment of Human Health Risk of Toxic Elements Due to Cinnamon Ingestion in the Diet
Gonçalves, L. M. L., Fernandes, T., Bernardo, A., & Brito, J. (2018) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-018-1473-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gupta, K., Testa, H., Greenwood, T., Kostek, M., Haushalter, K., Kris‐Etherton, P. M., & Petersen, K. S. (2021) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuab034 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Vetter, M. L., Amaro, A., & Volger, S. (2014) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2014.01.2734 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Allen, R. W., Schwartzman, E., Baker, W. L., Coleman, C. I., & Phung, O. J.
- Affiliations
- Western University of Health Sciences (US)
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Venue
- The Annals of Family Medicine
- Publisher
- Annals of Family Medicine
- Published
- 2013-09-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 452-459
- ISSN
- 1544-1709 (ISSN-L)
- 1544-1717
- PMC
- PMC3767714
- OpenAlex
- W2119085160
- Cited by
- 269
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Annals of Family Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Chapman University Digital Commons (Chapman University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Natural Antidiabetic Agents Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Natural Products and Biological Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- cinnamon, type 2 diabetes, glycemic control, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, serum lipids, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol, dietary intervention
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Phytotherapy, Triglycerides, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Plant Bark, Plant Preparations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
