Forces shaping the fastest evolving regions in the human genome
Open accessAbstract
Comparative genomics allow us to search the human genome for segments that were extensively changed in the last approximately 5 million years since divergence from our common ancestor with chimpanzee, but are highly conserved in other species and thus are likely to be functional. We found 202 genomic elements that are highly conserved in vertebrates but show evidence of significantly accelerated substitution rates in human. These are mostly in non-coding DNA, often near genes associated with transcription and DNA binding. Resequencing confirmed that the five most accelerated elements are dramatically changed in human but not in other primates, with seven times more substitutions in human than in chimp. The accelerated elements, and in particular the top five, show a strong bias for adenine and thymine to guanine and cytosine nucleotide changes and are disproportionately located in high recombination and high guanine and cytosine content environments near telomeres, suggesting either biased gene conversion or isochore selection. In addition, there is some evidence of directional selection in the regions containing the two most accelerated regions. A combination of evolutionary forces has contributed to accelerated evolution of the fastest evolving elements in the human genome.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Pollard et al. identified 202 regions accelerated in the human genome but conserved in other vertebrates, some of which are RNA genes and tissue-specific enhancers.
“For example, Pollard et al. (2006) identified 202 regions accelerated in the human genome but conserved in other vertebrates, some of which are RNA genes and tissue-specific enhancers.”
From Bayesian Detection of Convergent Rate Changes of Conserved Noncoding Elements on Phylogenetic Trees (2019) · cites this paper as Pollard et al. (2006)
The Results section, “Human Acceleration in Predicted Functional Elements” (page unavailable), reports 202 regions conserved across vertebrates but accelerated in humans. The Discussion identifies HAR1 as a structural RNA expressed during neocortical development. The paper suggests possible transcriptional regulatory roles for other regions but does not establish that any of the 202 are tissue-specific enhancers. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNumerous studies have used changes in sequence conservation of conserved elements to identify regulatory regions that may be important for lineage-specific phenotypes.
“Numerous studies have used changes in sequence conservation of conserved elements as means to identify regulatory regions which may be of particular importance for lineage-specific phenotypes.”
From Bayesian Detection of Convergent Rate Changes of Conserved Noncoding Elements on Phylogenetic Trees (2019) · cites this paper as Pollard et al. (2006)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x · Cited by 109,482 · see citing works
Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology
Ashburner, M., Ball, C. A., Blake, J. A., Botstein, D., Butler, H., Cherry, J. M., Davis, A. P., Dolinski, K., Dwight, S. S., Eppig, J. T., et al. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/75556 · Cited by 43,206 · see citing works
Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: A maximum likelihood approach.
Felsenstein, J. (1981) · Journal of Molecular Evolution · doi:10.1007/bf01734359 · Cited by 14,571 · see citing works
Evolutionarily conserved elements in vertebrate, insect, worm, and yeast genomes
Siepel, A., Bejerano, G., Pedersen, J. S., Hinrichs, A. S., Hou, M., Rosenbloom, K., Clawson, H., Spieth, J., Hillier, L. W., Richards, S., et al. (2005) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.3715005 · Cited by 4,408 · cited 1× · see citing works
“We describe an alternative method for identifying conserved blocks, based on the phastCons program [33] in the Supporting Information.”
MethodSelf-citationEvolutionary divergence and convergence in proteins.
ZUCKERKANDL, E., & PAULING, L. (1965) · Evolving Genes and Proteins · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-2734-4.50017-6 · Cited by 3,020 · see citing works
Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome
The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04072 · Cited by 2,459 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 58
- Enard W Przeworski M Fisher S Lai C Wiebe V 2002 Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language Nature 418 869 872 12192408
- Holden C 2004 The origin of speech Science 303 1316 1319 14988546
- Varki A 2000 A chimpanzee genome project is a biomedical imperative Genome Res 10 1065 1070 10958623
- Waterston R Lindblad-Toh K Birney E Rogers J Abril JF 2002 Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome Nature 420 520 562 12466850
- Rat Genome Sequencing Project 2004 Genome sequence of the brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution Nature 428 493 521 15057822
- Pollard KS Salama SR Lambert N Coppens S Pedersen JS 2006 An RNA gene expressed during cortical development evolved rapidly in humans Nature E-pub ahead of print 16 August 2006. 16915236
- King MC Wilson AC 1975 Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees Science 188 107 116 1090005
- Dorus S Vallender EJ Evans PD Anderson JR Gilbert SL 2004 Accelerated evolution of nervous system genes in the origin of Homo sapiens Cell 119 1027 1040 15620360
- Nielsen R Bustamante C Clark A Glanowski S Sackton T 2005 A scan for positively selected genes in the genomes of humans and chimpanzees PLoS Biology 3 e170. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030170 15869325 PMC1088278 · DOI
- Kreitman M 2000 Methods to detect selection in populations with applications to the human Ann Rev Genomics and Hum Genet 1 539 559 11701640
- Hudson RR Kreitman M Aguade MA 1987 Test of neutral molecular evolution based on nucleotide data Genetics 116 153 159 3110004 PMC1203113
- Rockman M Hahn MW Soranzo N Zimprich F Goldstein D 2005 Ancient and recent positive selection transformed opioid cis-regulation in humans PLoS Biol 3 e387. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030387 16274263 PMC1283535 · DOI
- Wong WS Nielsen R 2004 Detecting selection in non-coding regions of nucleotide sequences Genetics 167 949 958 15238543 PMC1470900
- Duret L Semon M Piganeau G Mouchiroud D Galtier N 2002 Vanishing GC-rich isochores in mammalian genomes Genetics 162 1837 1847 12524353 PMC1462357
- Meunier J Duret L 2004 Recombination drives the evolution of GC content in the human genome Mol Biol Evol 21 984 990 14963104
- Eyre-Walker A Hurst LD 2001 The evolution of isochores Nat Rev Genet 2 549 555 11433361
- Strathern JN Shafer BK McGill CB 1995 DNA synthesis errors associated with double-strand-break repair Genetics 140 965 972 7672595 PMC1206680
- Bernardi G 2000 The compositional evolution of vertebrate genomes Gene 259 31 43 11163959
- Bernardi G 2004 Structural and evolutionary genomics: Natural selection in genome evolution Amsterdam Elsevier 458
- Kudla G Lipinski L Caffin F Helwak A Zylicz M 2006 High guanine and cytosine content increases mRNA levels in mammalian cells PLoS Biol 4 e180. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040180 16700628 PMC1463026 · DOI · Paper page
- Wu CI Li WH 1985 Evidence for higher rates of nucleotide substitution in rodents than in man Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82 1741 1745 3856856 PMC397348
- Langley C Fitch WM 1974 An examination of the constancy of the rate of molecular evolution J Mol Evol 3 161 177 4368400
- Tajima F 1993 Simple methods for testing the molecular evolutionary clock hypothesis Genetics 135 599 607 8244016 PMC1205659
- Gillespie J 1989 Lineage effects and the index of dispersion of molecular evolution Mol Biol Evol 6 636 647 2488476
- Nobrega MA Ovcharenko I Afzal V Rubin EM 2003 Scanning human gene deserts for long-range enhancers Science 302 413 14563999
- Shin JT Priest JR Ovcharenko I Ronco A Moore RK 2005 Human zebrafish non-coding conserved elements act in vivo to regulate transcription Nucleic Acids Res 33 5437 5445 16179648 PMC1236720
- Woolfe A Goodson M Goode D Snell P McEwen G 2005 Highly conserved non-coding sequences are associated with vertebrate development PLoS Biol 3 e7. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030007 15630479 PMC526512 · DOI · Paper page
- Bejerano G Lowe CB Ahituv N King B Siepel A 2006 A distal enhancer and an ultraconserved exon are derived from a novel retroposon Nature 441 87 90 16625209
- Bejerano G Pheasant M Makunin I Stephen S Kent WJ 2004 Ultraconserved elements in the human genome Science 304 1321 1325 15131266
- Dermitzakis ET Reymond A Antonarakis SE 2005 Conserved non-genic sequences—an unexpected feature of mammalian genomes Nat Rev Genet 6 151 157 15716910
- Pedersen JS Bejerano G Siepel A Rosenbloom K Lindblad-Toh K 2006 Identification and classification of conserved RNA secondary structures in the human genome PLoS Comput Biol 2 e33. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020033 16628248 PMC1440920 · DOI
- Siepel A Pollard KS Haussler D 2006 New methods for detecting lineage-specific selection Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Research in Computational Molecular Biology (RECOMB) 190 205
- ENCODE Project Consortium 2004 The ENCODE (ENCyclopedia of DNA elements) project Science 306 636 640 15499007
- Nachman MW Crowell SL 2000 Estimate of the mutation rate per nucleotide in humans Genetics 156 297 304 10978293 PMC1461236
- Collins FS Brooks LD Chakravarti A 1998 A DNA polymorphism discovery resource for research on human genetic variation Genome Res 8 1229 1231 9872978
- Smith JM Haigh J 1974 The hitch-hiking effect of a favourable gene Genet Res 23 23 35 4407212
- Kaplan N Hudson RR Langley CH 1989 The “hitch-hiking effect” revisited Genetics 123 887 899 2612899 PMC1203897
- Wakeley J Nielsen R Liu-Cordero SN Ardlie K 2001 The discovery of single-nucleotide polymorphisms—and inferences about human demographic history Am J Hum Genet 69 1332 1347 11704929 PMC1235544
- Clark AG Hubisz MJ Bustamante CD Williamson SH Nielsen R 2005 Ascertainment bias in studies of human genome-wide polymorphism Genome Res 15 1496 1502 16251459 PMC1310637
- Perry J Ashworth A 1999 Evolutionary rate of a gene affected by chromosomal position Curr Biol 9 987 989 10508587
- Jensen-Seaman MI Furey TS Payseur TA Lu Y Roskin KM 2004 Comparative recombination rates in the rat, mouse, and human genomes Genome Res 14 528 538 15059993 PMC383296
- International HapMap Consortium 2005 A haplotype map of the human genome Nature 437 1299 1320 16255080 PMC1880871
- Hinds DA Stuve LL Nilsen GB Halperin E Eskin E 2005 Whole-genome patterns of common DNA variation in three human populations Science 307 1072 1079 15718463
- Myers S Bottolo L Freeman C McVean GA Donnelly P 2005 A fine-scale map of recombination rates and hotspots across the human genome Science 310 321 324 16224025
- McVean GA Meyers SR Hunt S Deloukas P Bentley DR 2004 The fine-scale structure of recombination rate variation in the human genome Science 304 581 584 15105499
- Levine M Tijian R 2003 Transcription regulation and animal diversity Nature 424 147 151 12853946
- Olson M 1999 When less is more: Gene loss as an engine of evolutionary change Am J Hum Genet 64 18 23 9915938 PMC1377697
- Ptak S Roeder A Stephens M Gilad Y Paabo S 2004 Absence of the tap2 human recombination hotspot in chimpanzees PLoS Biol 2 e155. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020155 15208713 PMC423135 · DOI
- Nachman MW 2001 Single nucleotide polymorphisms and recombination rate in humans Trends Genet 17 481 485 11525814
- Linardopoulou EV Williams EM Fan Y Friedman C Young JM 2005 Human subtelomeres are hot spots of interchromosomal recombination and segmental duplication Nature 437 94 100 16136133 PMC1368961
- Spencer CCA Deloukas P Hunt S Mullikin J Myers S 2006 The influence of recombination on human genetic diversity. PLoS Genetics In press DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0020148.eor PMC1575889 17044736 · DOI
- Nagylaki T 1983 Evolution of a finite population under gene conversion Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 80 6278 6281 6578508 PMC394279
- Frisse L Hudson RR Bartoszewicz A Wall JD Donfack J 2001 Gene conversion and different population histories may explain the contrast between polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium levels Am J Hum Genet 69 831 843 11533915 PMC1226068
- Blanchette M Kent WJ Riemer C Elnitski L Smit AF 2004 Aligning multiple genomic sequences with the threaded blockset aligner Genome Res 14 708 715 15060014 PMC383317
- Siepel A Haussler D 2004 Phylogenetic estimation of context-dependent substitution rates by maximum likelihood Mol Biol Evol 21 468 488 14660683
- Hedges SB Kumar S 2002 Genomics. Vertebrate genomes compared Science 297 1283 1285 12193771
- Kent WJ Baertsch R Hinrichs A Miller W Haussler D 2003 Evolution's cauldron: Duplication, deletion, and rearrangement in the mouse and human genomes Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 11484 11489 14500911 PMC208784
- Karolchik D Baertsch R Diekhans M Furey TS Hinrichs A 2003 The UCSC genome browser database Nucleic Acids Res 31 51 54 12519945 PMC165576
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome
Green, R. E., Krause, J., Briggs, A. W., Maricic, T., Stenzel, U., Kircher, M., Patterson, N., Li, H., Zhai, W., Fritz, M. H.-Y., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1188021 · Cited by 4,318 · see citing works
Detection of nonneutral substitution rates on mammalian phylogenies
Pollard, K. S., Hubisz, M. J., Rosenbloom, K. R., & Siepel, A. (2010) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.097857.109 · Cited by 2,353 · see citing works
Self-citationA high-resolution map of human evolutionary constraint using 29 mammals
Broad Institute Sequencing Platform and Whole Genome Assembly Team, Lindblad-Toh, K., Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center Sequencing Team, Genome Institute at Washington University, Garber, M., Zuk, O., Lin, M. F., Parker, B. J., Washietl, S., Kheradpour, P., et al. (2011) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10530 · Cited by 1,108 · see citing works
Self-citationSpecific expression of long noncoding RNAs in the mouse brain
Mercer, T. R., Dinger, M. E., Sunkin, S. M., Mehler, M. F., & Mattick, J. S. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0706729105 · Cited by 1,103 · see citing works
Patterns of Positive Selection in Six Mammalian Genomes
Kosiol, C., Vinař, T., da Fonseca, R. R., Hubisz, M. J., Bustamante, C. D., Nielsen, R., & Siepel, A. (2008) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000144 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolution of the Human Nervous System Function, Structure, and Development
Sousa, A. M. M., Meyer, K. A., Santpere, G., Gulden, F. O., & Sestan, N. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.036 · Cited by 517 · see citing works
Recent acceleration of human adaptive evolution
Hawks, J., Wang, E. T., Cochran, G. M., Harpending, H. C., & Moyzis, R. K. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0707650104 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing
Keller, A., Graefen, A., Ball, M., Matzas, M., Boisguerin, V., Maixner, F., Leidinger, P., Backes, C., Khairat, R., Forster, M., et al. (2012) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms1701 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
Supervised Machine Learning for Population Genetics: A New Paradigm
Schrider, D. R., & Kern, A. D. (2018) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2017.12.005 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Chromatin accessibility dynamics in a model of human forebrain development
Trevino, A. E., Sinnott-Armstrong, N., Andersen, J., Yoon, S.-J., Huber, N., Pritchard, J. K., Chang, H. Y., Greenleaf, W. J., & Pașca, S. P. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay1645 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Many human accelerated regions are developmental enhancers
Capra, J. A., Erwin, G. D., McKinsey, G., Rubenstein, J. L. R., & Pollard, K. S. (2013) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0025 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationDeconstructing cortical folding: genetic, cellular and mechanical determinants
Llinares-Benadero, C., & Borrell, V. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0112-2 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Lagging-strand replication shapes the mutational landscape of the genome
Reijns, M. A. M., Kemp, H., Ding, J., Marion de Procé, S., Jackson, A. P., & Taylor, M. S. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14183 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Rewiring of human neurodevelopmental gene regulatory programs by human accelerated regions
Girskis, K. M., Stergachis, A. B., DeGennaro, E. M., Doan, R. N., Qian, X., Johnson, M. B., Wang, P. P., Sejourne, G. M., Nagy, M. A., Pollina, E. A., et al. (2021) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2021.08.005 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
The Human Condition—A Molecular Approach
Pääbo, S. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.036 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Function and Regulation of AUTS2, a Gene Implicated in Autism and Human Evolution
Oksenberg, N., Stevison, L., Wall, J. D., & Ahituv, N. (2013) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003221 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Genomic Perspectives of Transcriptional Regulation in Forebrain Development
Nord, A. S., Pattabiraman, K., Visel, A., & Rubenstein, J. L. R. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.11.011 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
A quantitative framework for characterizing the evolutionary history of mammalian gene expression
Chen, J., Swofford, R., Johnson, J., Cummings, B. B., Rogel, N., Lindblad-Toh, K., Haerty, W., Palma, F. D., & Regev, A. (2019) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.237636.118 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Dreszer, T. R., Wall, G. D., Haussler, D., & Pollard, K. S. (2007) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.6395807 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic Determinants of Human Health Span and Life Span: Progress and New Opportunities
Martin, G. M., Bergman, A., & Barzilai, N. (2007) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030125 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Three-dimensional genome rewiring in loci with human accelerated regions
Keough, K. C., Whalen, S., Inoue, F., Przytycki, P. F., Fair, T., Deng, C., Steyert, M., Ryu, H., Lindblad-Toh, K., Karlsson, E., et al. (2023) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abm1696 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationThe role of GC-biased gene conversion in shaping the fastest evolving regions of the human genome
Kostka, D., Hubisz, M. J., Siepel, A., & Pollard, K. S. (2012) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msr279 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic basis of human brain evolution
Vallender, E. J., Mekel-Bobrov, N., & Lahn, B. T. (2008) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2008.08.010 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Human evolution: the non-coding revolution
Franchini, L. F., & Pollard, K. S. (2017) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0428-9 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationBayesian Detection of Convergent Rate Changes of Conserved Noncoding Elements on Phylogenetic Trees
Hu, Z., Sackton, T. B., Edwards, S. V., & Liu, J. S. (2019) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msz049 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Kiser, D. P., Rivero, O., & Lesch, K. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12392 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Analysis of human accelerated DNA regions using archaic hominin genomes
Burbano, H. A., Green, R. E., Maricic, T., Lalueza-Fox, C., de la Rasilla, M., Rosas, A., Kelso, J., Pollard, K. S., Lachmann, M., & Pääbo, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032877 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationSingle cell epigenomic atlas of the developing human brain and organoids
Ziffra, R. S., Kim, C. N., Wilfert, A., Turner, T. N., Haeussler, M., Casella, A. M., Przytycki, P. F., Kreimer, A., Pollard, K. S., Ament, S. A., et al. (2019) · doi:10.1101/2019.12.30.891549 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Pollard, K. S., Salama, S. R., King, B., Kern, A. D., Dreszer, T., Katzman, S., Siepel, A., Pedersen, J. S., Bejerano, G., Baertsch, R., Rosenbloom, K. R., Kent, J., & Haussler, D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pollard, Katherine S
- Salama, Sofie R
- King, Bryan
- Kern, Andrew D
- Katzman, Sol
- Siepel, Adam
- Pedersen, Jakob S
- Bejerano, Gill
- Baertsch, Robert
- Rosenbloom, Kate R
- Kent, Jim
- Haussler, David
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS Genetics
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2006-10-13
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e168
- ISSN
- 1553-7390 (ISSN-L)
- 1553-7404
- PMC
- PMC1599772
- OpenAlex
- W1977294183
- Cited by
- 511
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 6.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Genetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Institutional Repository (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Human Genome Research Institute (P41HG002371)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM070249-02, F32GM070249)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Keywords
- human genome evolution, conserved non-coding elements, vertebrate conservation, non-coding DNA, transcription factors, recombination, biased gene conversion, telomeres, directional selection, comparative genomics
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Base Sequence, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Recombination, Genetic, Selection, Genetic, Species Specificity, Genome, Human, Conserved Sequence, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Evolution, Molecular, Base Pairing, Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
