PRIME: A Programme to Reduce the Treatment Gap for Mental Disorders in Five Low- and Middle-Income Countries
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CITATION: Lund, C., et al. 2012. PRIME : a programme to reduce the treatment gap for mental disorders in five low- and middle-income countries. PLoS Medicine, 9(12): 1-6, doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001359.
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Large multicountry initiatives including PRIME and EMERALD have demonstrated the clinical feasibility and acceptability of integrating mental health into routine primary care platforms.
“Large multicountry initiatives, including the Programme for Improving Mental Health Care (PRIME) and the Emerging Mental Health Systems in LMICs (EMERALD) programme, have demonstrated the clinical feasibility and acceptability of integrating mental health into routine primary care platforms (Lund et al. 2012, Semrau et al. 2015).”
From Government-led scale-up of task-shifted mental health services in Lagos State, Nigeria: a mixed-methods descriptive-explanatory case study (2026) · cites this paper as Lund et al. 2012
The Summary Points identify PRIME as a five-country initiative integrating mental health into primary care. But the Aims and Objectives section says PRIME *will evaluate* the feasibility and acceptability of its care packages; it does not report that these had already been demonstrated. The Background also says evidence on delivery in routine care was still lacking. This verdict concerns PRIME, not the separately cited EMERALD programme. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLarge multicountry initiatives such as PRIME and EMERALD illustrated that task-shifted models can achieve clinical feasibility, provider acceptability, and early service utilization gains when embedded within primary care platforms.
“Large multicountry initiatives such as PRIME and EMERALD illustrated that task-shifted models can achieve clinical feasibility, provider acceptability, and early service utilization gains when embedded within primary care platforms (Lund et al. 2012, Semrau et al. 2015).”
From Government-led scale-up of task-shifted mental health services in Lagos State, Nigeria: a mixed-methods descriptive-explanatory case study (2026) · cites this paper as Lund et al. 2012
The Summary Points and Aims and Objectives identify PRIME as a five-country programme integrating mental health care into primary care. But the Aims and Objectives say feasibility, acceptability, and impact *will* be evaluated; the Conclusion: Expected Outcomes likewise describes hoped-for gains. This 2012 paper therefore does not establish achieved clinical feasibility, provider acceptability, or early service-utilization gains for PRIME. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLund et al. used stakeholder workshops to develop their ToC and then used this to refine the substance and delivery of integrated district mental healthcare plans in five low- and middle-income countries.
“Lund et al. used stakeholder workshops to develop their ToC and then used this to refine the substance and delivery of integrated district mental healthcare plans in five low- and middle-income countries [55].”
From Using theory of change to design and evaluate public health interventions: a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [55]
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“There is emerging evidence from similar projects, which are also leveraging the existing health system to improve mental health services provision in primary care [22] and through maternal mental health programmes [23].”
BackgroundMaulik, P. K., Devarapalli, S., Kallakuri, S., Tewari, A., Chilappagari, S., Koschorke, M., & Thornicroft, G. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716002804 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
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Self-citationAccuracy of proactive case finding for mental disorders by community informants in Nepal
Jordans, M. J. D., Kohrt, B. A., Luitel, N. P., Komproe, I. H., & Lund, C. (2015) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.141077 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationA reflection of the current status of the mental healthcare system in South Africa
Sorsdahl, K., Petersen, I., Myers, B., Zingela, Z., Lund, C., & van der Westhuizen, C. (2023) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100247 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
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Self-citationHanlon, C., Fekadu, A., Jordans, M. J. D., Kigozi, F. N., Petersen, I., Shidhaye, R. R., Honikman, S., Lund, C., Prince, M. J., Raja, S., et al. (2015) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.153767 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
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Self-citationEpidemiological features of alcohol use in rural India: a population-based cross-sectional study
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Self-citationJordans, M. J. D., Luitel, N. P., Garman, E., Kohrt, B. A., Rathod, S. D., Shrestha, P., Komproe, I. H., Lund, C., & Patel, V. (2019) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.300 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
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Self-citationAsher, L., Fekadu, A., Hanlon, C., Mideksa, G., Eaton, J., Patel, V., & Silva, M. J. D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143572 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
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Self-citationUniversal Health Coverage for Schizophrenia: A Global Mental Health Priority
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Self-citationDemand and access to mental health services: a qualitative formative study in Nepal
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Self-citationScaling up mental health care and psychosocial support in low-resource settings: a roadmap to impact
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Self-citationPrevalence and treatment coverage for depression: a population-based survey in Vidarbha, India
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Self-citationBurden of mental disorders and unmet needs among street homeless people in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Self-citationSocial acceptance of alcohol use in Uganda
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Beyond the Biomedical: Community Resources for Mental Health Care in Rural Ethiopia
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Self-citationStakeholder analysis of the Programme for Improving Mental health carE (PRIME): baseline findings
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Lund, C., Tomlinson, M., De Silva, M., Fekadu, A., Shidhaye, R., Jordans, M., Petersen, I., Bhana, A., Kigozi, F., Prince, M., Thornicroft, G., Hanlon, C., Kakuma, R., McDaid, D., Saxena, S., Chisholm, D., Raja, S., Kippen-Wood, S., Honikman, S., Fairall, L., & Patel, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Addis Ababa University (ET)
- Public Health Foundation of India (IN)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal (ZA)
- Human Sciences Research Council (ZA)
- Makerere University (UG)
- King's College London (GB)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- London School of Economics and Political Science (GB)
- World Health Organization (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Lund, Crick
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS Medicine
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-12-27
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- e1001359
- ISSN
- 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-1676
- PMC
- PMC3531506
- OpenAlex
- W2114770054
- Cited by
- 584
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 36.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) (submittedVersion)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10053)
- King's College London
- Department for International Development
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health and Surgery
- Keywords
- mental illness, treatment gap, mental health services, low- and middle-income countries, mental health policy
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Developing Countries, Ethiopia, Humans, India, Maternal Health Services, Mental Health Services, Nepal, Organizations, Nonprofit, Primary Health Care, South Africa, Uganda, Program Development, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated, Healthcare Disparities, Public-Private Sector Partnerships, Capacity Building
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