The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neural Basis of Self and Other Representation in Autism: An fMRI Study of Self-Face Recognition
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by decreased interest and engagement in social interactions and by enhanced self-focus. While previous theoretical approaches to understanding autism have emphasized social impairments and altered interpersonal interactions, there is a recent shift towards understanding the nature of the representation of the self in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Still, the neural mechanisms subserving self-representations in ASD are relatively unexplored. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We used event-related fMRI to investigate brain responsiveness to images of the subjects' own face and to faces of others. Children with ASD and typically developing (TD) children viewed randomly presented digital morphs between their own face and a gender-matched other face, and made "self/other" judgments. Both groups of children activated a right premotor/prefrontal system when identifying images containing a greater percentage of the self face. However, while TD children showed activation of this system during both self- and other-processing, children with ASD only recruited this system while viewing images containing mostly their own face. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This functional dissociation between the representation of self versus others points to a potential neural substrate for the characteristic self-focus and decreased social understanding exhibited by these individuals, and suggests that individuals with ASD lack the shared neural representations for self and others that TD children and adults possess and may use to understand others.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Individuals with ASD often show difficulty in evaluating social cues and in appropriately interpreting another person’s experiences or emotions, and may display a preoccupation with self or limited interest in others 14–19.”
From Reduced sociability and social agency encoding in adult Shank3-mutant mice are restored through gene re-expression in real time (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Individuals with ASD are often described as having inability to organize social information or appropriately interpret the state and experience of others 14–19.”
From Reduced sociability and social agency encoding in adult Shank3-mutant mice are restored through gene re-expression in real time (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065
(1943) · The Nervous child · Cited by 8,870
The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception
Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-11-04302.1997 · Cited by 7,738
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520
Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but not Sensory Components of Pain
Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093535 · Cited by 3,929
Forman, S. D., Cohen, J. D., Fitzgerald, M., Eddy, W. F., Mintun, M. A., & Noll, D. C. (1995) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910330508 · Cited by 3,202
Autistic disturbances of affective contact.
Kanner, L. (1968) · PubMed · Cited by 2,282
A unifying view of the basis of social cognition
GALLESE, V, KEYSERS, C., & RIZZOLATTI, G. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.07.002 · Cited by 2,236
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula
Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J.-P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00679-2 · Cited by 2,185
A three-dimensional statistical analysis for CBF activation studies in human brain
Worsley, K. J., Evans, A. C., Marrett, S., & Neelin, P. (1992) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1992.127 · Cited by 2,036
Assessing the significance of focal activations using their spatial extent
Friston, K. J., Worsley, K. J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., Mazziotta, J. C., & Evans, A. C. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460010306 · Cited by 1,907
The empathic brain: how, when and why?
de Vignemont, F., & Singer, T. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.08.008 · Cited by 1,846
Gallup, G. G. (1970) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.167.3914.86 · Cited by 1,794
Dapretto, M., Davies, M. S., Pfeifer, J. H., Scott, A. A., Sigman, M., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Iacoboni, M. (2006) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1611 · Cited by 1,694
Self-citationAmaral, D. G., Schumann, C. M., & Nordahl, C. W. (2008) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.005 · Cited by 1,492
The mirror neuron system and the consequences of its dysfunction
Iacoboni, M., & Dapretto, M. (2006) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2024 · Cited by 1,464
Self-citationEEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders
Oberman, L. M., Hubbard, E. M., McCleery, J. P., Altschuler, E. L., Ramachandran, V. S., & Pineda, J. A. (2005) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.014 · Cited by 1,146 · cited 1×
“Preliminary support for the mirror neuron dysfunction theory of autism comes from studies using fMRI [20], EEG [21,22], transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) [23], EMG [24] and structural MRI [25] (see [18] and [26] for reviews).”
BackgroundChildren with Autism Fail to Orient to Naturally Occurring Social Stimuli
Dawson, G., Meltzoff, A. N., Osterling, J., Rinaldi, J., & Brown, E. (1998) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1026043926488 · Cited by 1,065
Shared representations between self and other: a social cognitive neuroscience view
Decety, J., & Sommerville, J. A. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.10.004 · Cited by 996
Imitation, mirror neurons and autism
Williams, J. H. G., Whiten, A., Suddendorf, T., & Perrett, D. I. (2001) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00014-8 · Cited by 983
Farrer, C., & Frith, C. D. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.1009 · Cited by 949
The functional neuroanatomy of social behaviour
Critchley, H. D., Daly, E. M., Bullmore, E. T., Williams, S. C. R., Van Amelsvoort, T., Robertson, D. M., Rowe, A., Phillips, M., McAlonan, G., Howlin, P., et al. (2000) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/123.11.2203 · Cited by 816
Mirror self-image reactions before age two
Amsterdam, B. (1972) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.420050403 · Cited by 811 · cited 1×
“Self-face recognition is evidenced by typically developing children around 2 years of age [27].”
BackgroundKeysers, C. (2004) · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(04)00156-4 · Cited by 806
Stimulating illusory own-body perceptions
Blanke, O., Ortigue, S., Landis, T., & Seeck, M. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/419269a · Cited by 802
A theoretical approach to the deficits in infantile autism
Rogers, S. J., & Pennington, B. F. (1991) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400000043 · Cited by 784
The self and social cognition: the role of cortical midline structures and mirror neurons
Uddin, L. Q., Iacoboni, M., Lange, C., & Keenan, J. P. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.01.001 · Cited by 704
Self-citationMind Blindness and the Brain in Autism
Frith, U. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00552-9 · Cited by 637
Oberman, L. M., & Ramachandran, V. S. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.2.310 · Cited by 630 · cited 1×
“Recently, it has been proposed that mirror neuron dysfunction may underlie some of the symptoms characteristic of ASD, including deficits in social cognition [17– 19].”
BackgroundAnatomical Differences in the Mirror Neuron System and Social Cognition Network in Autism
Hadjikhani, N., Joseph, R. M., Snyder, J., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2006) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhj069 · Cited by 554
D, V. G. M. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2006.01.054 · Cited by 484
Impairment of actions chains in autism and its possible role in intention understanding
Cattaneo, L., Fabbri‐Destro, M., Boria, S., Pieraccini, C., Monti, A., Cossu, G., & Rizzolatti, G. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0706273104 · Cited by 483
The role of the fusiform face area in social cognition: implications for the pathobiology of autism
Schultz, R. T., Grelotti, D. J., Klin, A., Kleinman, J., Van der Gaag, C., Marois, R., & Skudlarski, P. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1208 · Cited by 469
Uddin, L. Q., Kaplan, J., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Eran Zaidel, B., & Iacoboni, M. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.018 · Cited by 467
Self-citationNeural basis of irony comprehension in children with autism: the role of prosody and context
Wang, A. T., Lee, S. S., Sigman, M., & Dapretto, M. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl032 · Cited by 447
Self-citationSelf-Referential Cognition and Empathy in Autism
Lombardo, M. V., Barnes, J. L., Wheelwright, S. J., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000883 · Cited by 439
The brain response to personally familiar faces in autism: Findings of fusiform activity and beyond
Pierce, K. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh289 · Cited by 432 · cited 1×
“As our study did not use personally familiar faces as controls, we cannot address the interesting question of whether the response of the rIFG of children with ASD is modulated by personal familiarity, as has been suggested for the fusiform face area [48].”
MethodNeural mechanisms of imitation and ‘mirror neuron’ functioning in autistic spectrum disorder
Williams, J. H. G., Waiter, G. D., Gilchrist, A., Perrett, D. I., Murray, A. D., & Whiten, A. (2005) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.010 · Cited by 405
Mirroring others' emotions relates to empathy and interpersonal competence in children
Pfeifer, J. H., Iacoboni, M., Mazziotta, J. C., & Dapretto, M. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.10.032 · Cited by 396
Self-citationGallup, G. G. (1977) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.32.5.329 · Cited by 393
EEG mu rhythm and imitation impairments in individuals with autism spectrum disorder
Bernier, R., Dawson, G., Webb, S. J., & Murias, M. (2007) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2007.03.004 · Cited by 384
Towards a unifying neural theory of social cognition
Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2006) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56021-2 · Cited by 367
Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans
(1994) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511565526 · Cited by 340
Gyri of the human neocortex: an MRI-based analysis of volume and variance
Kennedy, D. (1998) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/8.4.372 · Cited by 323
Self-recognition and the right hemisphere
Keenan, J. P., Nelson, A., O'Connor, M., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35053167 · Cited by 321
Alison Gopnik, C., & Meltzoff, A. N. (1994) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511565526.012 · Cited by 305
Impaired motor facilitation during action observation in individuals with autism spectrum disorder
Théoret, H., Halligan, E., Kobayashi, M., Fregni, F., Tager-Flusberg, H. B., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.022 · Cited by 295
rTMS to the right inferior parietal lobule disrupts self-other discrimination
Uddin, L. Q., Molnar-Szakacs, I., Zaidel, E., & Iacoboni, M. (2006) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsl003 · Cited by 267
Self-citationMRI-Based Topographic Parcellation of Human Cerebral White Matter and Nuclei
Makris, N., Meyer, J. W., Bates, J. F., Yeterian, E. H., Kennedy, D. N., & Caviness, V. S. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0384 · Cited by 261
Here I am: the cortical correlates of visual self-recognition
Devue, C., Collette, F., Balteau, E., Degueldre, C., Luxen, A., Maquet, P., & Brédart, S. (2007) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.055 · Cited by 258
Neural substrates for functionally discriminating self-face from personally familiar faces
Platek, S. M., Loughead, J. W., Gur, R. C., Busch, S., Ruparel, K., Phend, N., Panyavin, I. S., & Langleben, D. D. (2006) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20168 · Cited by 253
The mirror neuron system: grasping others’ actions from birth?
Lepage, J., & Théoret, H. (2007) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00631.x · Cited by 250
Cortical mechanisms of visual self-recognition
Sugiura, M., Watanabe, J., Maeda, Y., Matsue, Y., Fukuda, H., & Kawashima, R. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.063 · Cited by 229
The cognitive neuroscience of autism
Baron‐Cohen, S. (2004) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.018713 · Cited by 193
Self-recognition in autistic children
Dawson, G., & McKissick, F. C. (1984) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02409829 · Cited by 149
Early detection of core deficits in autism
Sigman, M., Dijamco, A., Gratier, M., & Rozga, A. (2004) · Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/mrdd.20046 · Cited by 138
Visual Self-Recognition in Autistic Children: Developmental Relationships
Spiker, D., & Ricks, M. (1984) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129846 · Cited by 135
Prevention, the appropriate target of infant psychotherapy
Fonagy, P. (1998) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0355(199822)19:2 · Cited by 134
Feinberg, T. E., & Keenan, J. P. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173413.001.0001 · Cited by 121
The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) Children’s Version in Japan: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Wakabayashi, A., Baron-Cohen, S., Uchiyama, T., Yoshida, Y., Tojo, Y., Kuroda, M., & Wheelwright, S. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0181-3 · Cited by 117
Self‐recognition and stimulus preference in autistic children
Neuman, C. J., & Hill, S. D. (1978) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.420110606 · Cited by 99
Understanding autism and related disorders: What has imaging taught us?
Williams, D. L., & Minshew, N. J. (2007) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nic.2007.07.007 · Cited by 71 · cited 1×
“Several imaging studies have shown both structural and functional brain abnormalities in individuals with ASD (see [6] and [7] for reviews), but reports are still far from consistent.”
BackgroundFailure to deactivate in autism: the co-constitution of self and other
Iacoboni, M. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.08.002 · Cited by 71
Self-citationAutism—“Autos”: Literally, a Total Focus on the Self?
Baron‐Cohen, S. (2005) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195173413.003.0011 · Cited by 49
The Self and Its Reputation in Autism
Frith, C., & Frith, U. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.014 · Cited by 35
Xiong (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1999)8:2/3
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- T Behrens, 2003, Multi-subject null hypothesis testing using a fully bayesian framework: theory., Hum Brain Mapp
Cited by
Sorted by citations
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the fMRI investigation of autism spectrum disorders
Philip, R. C. M., Dauvermann, M. R., Whalley, H. C., Baynham, K., Lawrie, S. M., & Stanfield, A. C. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.10.008 · Cited by 422
Sugranyes, G., Kyriakopoulos, M., Corrigall, R. J., Taylor, E., & Frangou, S. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025322 · Cited by 289
Scott-Van Zeeland, A. A., Abrahams, B. S., Alvarez-Retuerto, A. I., Sonnenblick, L. I., Rudie, J. D., Ghahremani, D., Mumford, J. A., Poldrack, R. A., Dapretto, M., Geschwind, D. H., et al. (2010) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3001344 · Cited by 252
Self-citationvan Veluw, S. J., & Chance, S. A. (2013) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-013-9266-8 · Cited by 240
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of autism spectrum disorders
Dichter, G. S. (2012) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2012.14.3/gdichter · Cited by 215
Metadata
- Authors
- Uddin, L. Q., Davies, M. S., Scott, A. A., Zaidel, E., Bookheimer, S. Y., Iacoboni, M., & Dapretto, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Uddin, Lucina Q.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2008-10-29
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e3526
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2568959
- OpenAlex
- W2005551003
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 5.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Brain Mapping Support Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (RR13642)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642, RR12169, RR 13642, RR00865, M01RR000865, C06RR012169)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01HD035470)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, self-face recognition, self and other representations, face perception, self-focus, social cognition, children with autism
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Autistic Disorder, Behavior, Brain Mapping, Child, Face, Facial Expression, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mental Processes, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Self Concept, Social Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
