Temporal Dissociation between Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-Modified LDL and MPO Elevations during Chronic Sleep Restriction and Recovery in Healthy Young Men
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: Many studies have evaluated the ways in which sleep disturbances may influence inflammation and the possible links of this effect to cardiovascular risk. Our objective was to investigate the effects of chronic sleep restriction and recovery on several blood cardiovascular biomarkers. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nine healthy male non-smokers, aged 22-29 years, were admitted to the Sleep Laboratory for 11 days and nights under continuous electroencephalogram polysomnography. The study consisted of three baseline nights of 8 hours sleep (from 11 pm to 7 am), five sleep-restricted nights, during which sleep was allowed only between 1 am and 6 am, and three recovery nights of 8 hours sleep (11 pm to 7 am). Myeloperoxidase-modified low-density lipoprotein levels increased during the sleep-restricted period indicating an oxidative stress. A significant increase in the quantity of slow-wave sleep was measured during the first recovery night. After this first recovery night, insulin-like growth factor-1 levels increased and myeloperoxidase concentration peaked. CONCLUSIONS: We observed for the first time that sleep restriction and the recovery process are associated with differential changes in blood biomarkers of cardiovascular disease.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Myeloperoxidase-modified LDL particles increased under similar conditions.
“and also that myeloperoxidase-modified LDL particles increased under similar conditions13.”
From Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Rechtschaffen, A. (1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,772 · see citing works
Wolpert, E. (1969) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740140118016 · Cited by 9,814 · see citing works
Effect of sleep loss on C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker of cardiovascular risk
Meier-Ewert, H. K., Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., Regan, M. M., Price, N. J., Dinges, D. F., & Mullington, J. M. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.07.050 · Cited by 1,195 · see citing works
Sleep duration and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis
GALLICCHIO, L., & KALESAN, B. (2009) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2008.00732.x · Cited by 979 · see citing works
Which White Blood Cell Subtypes Predict Increased Cardiovascular Risk?
Horne, B. D., Anderson, J. L., John, J. M., Weaver, A. N., Bair, T. L., Jensen, K. R., Renlund, D. G., & Muhlestein, J. B. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.054 · Cited by 967 · see citing works
Myeloperoxidase, a Leukocyte-Derived Vascular NO Oxidase
Eiserich, J. P., Baldus, S. E., Brennan, M., Ma, W., Zhang, C., Tousson, A., Castro, L., Lusis, A. J., Nauseef, W. M., White, C. R., et al. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1106830 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Haack, M., Sanchez, E., & Mullington, J. M. (2007) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/30.9.1145 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
van Leeuwen, W. M. A., Lehto, M., Karisola, P., Lindholm, H., Luukkonen, R., Sallinen, M., Härmä, M., Porkka-Heiskanen, T., & Alenius, H. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004589 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
Immune, inflammatory and cardiovascular consequences of sleep restriction and recovery
Faraut, B., Boudjeltia, K. Z., Vanhamme, L., & Kerkhofs, M. (2012) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2011.05.001 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Self-citationAbsence of diurnal variation of C-reactive protein concentrations in healthy human subjects
Meier-Ewert, H. K., Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., Price, N., Dinges, D. F., & Mullington, J. M. (2001) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/47.3.426 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Short sleep duration and incident coronary artery calcification
(2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2008.867 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Irwin, M. R., Thompson, J., Miller, C., Gillin, J. C., & Ziegler, M. G. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.6.5788 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Heslop, P., Smith, G. D., Metcalfe, C., Macleod, J., & Hart, C. (2002) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1389-9457(02)00016-3 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Tsimikas, S., Willerson, J. T., & Ridker, P. M. (2006) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.066 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
The effects of 40 hours of total sleep deprivation on inflammatory markers in healthy young adults
Frey, D. J., Fleshner, M., & Wright, K. P. (2007) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.04.003 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Sleep loss activates cellular markers of inflammation: Sex differences
Irwin, M. R., Carrillo, C., & Olmstead, R. (2010) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2009.06.001 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Leukocyte Count, Smoking, and Myocardial Infarction
Zalokar, J. B., Richard, J. L., & Claude, J. R. (1981) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198102193040806 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Monocyte Count: A Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease?
Olivares, R., Ducimetière, P., & Claude, J. R. (1993) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116601 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Miller, M. A., Kandala, N.-B., Mika Kivimaki, B., Meena Kumari, B., Brunner, E. J., Lowe, G. D. O., Marmot, M. G., & Cappuccio, F. P. (2009) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/32.7.857 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Impact of Plasma Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Removal on Atherosclerosis
Ishigaki, Y., Katagiri, H., Gao, J., Yamada, T., Imai, J., Uno, K., Hasegawa, Y., Kaneko, K., Ogihara, T., Ishihara, H., et al. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.745174 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Adaptation of the 24-h growth hormone profile to a state of sleep debt
Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., Colecchia, E. F., L'Hermite-Balériaux, M., Nie, Z., Copinschi, G., & Van Cauter, E. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.3.r874 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and growth hormone (GH) in immunity and inflammation
Heemskerk, V. H., Daemen, M. A. R. C., & Buurman, W. A. (1999) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/s1359-6101(98)00022-7 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Catecholamine-Induced Vascular Wall Growth Is Dependent on Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species
Bleeke, T., Zhang, H., Madamanchi, N. R., Patterson, C., & Faber, J. E. (2003) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000109412.80157.7d · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Faraut, B., Boudjeltia, K. Z., Dyzma, M., Rousseau, A., David, E., Stenuit, P., Franck, T. J., Antwerpen, P. V., Vanhaeverbeek, M., & Kerkhofs, M. (2010) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.001 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationMyeloperoxidase enhances nitric oxide catabolism during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion
Baldus, S. E., Heitzer, T. A., Eiserich, J. P., Lau, D., Mollnau, H., Ortak, M., Petri, S., Goldmann, B. U., Duchstein, H., Berger, J., et al. (2004) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.003 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Inoue, T., Komoda, H., Nonaka, M., Kameda, M., Uchida, T., & Node, K. (2007) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.02.012 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Veldhuis, J. D., & Iranmanesh, A. (1996) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/19.suppl_10.s221 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Diurnal variations of interleukin-6 plasma levels are confounded by blood drawing procedures
Haack, M., Kraus, T., Schuld, A., Dalal, M. A., Koethe, D., & Pollmächer, T. (2002) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00006-9 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Prolonged Sleep Restriction Affects Glucose Metabolism in Healthy Young Men
van Leeuwen, W. M. A., Hublin, C., Sallinen, M., Härmä, M., Hirvonen, A., & Porkka-Heiskanen, T. (2010) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2010/108641 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Zouaoui-Boudjeltia, K. (2008) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s3934 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Kerkhofs, M., Boudjeltia, K. Z., Stenuit, P., Brohée, D., Cauchie, P., & Vanhaeverbeek, M. (2007) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2006.07.007 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationIn Vivo Markers of Oxidative Stress and Therapeutic Interventions
Tsimikas, S. (2008) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.006 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Boudjeltia, K. Z., Moguilevsky, N., Legssyer, I., Babar, S., Guillaume, M., Delrée, P., Vanhaeverbeek, M., Brohée, D., Ducobu, J., & Remacle, C. (2004) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.049 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationGlycosylation Pattern of Mature Dimeric Leukocyte and Recombinant Monomeric Myeloperoxidase
Antwerpen, P. V., Slomianny, M., Boudjeltia, K. Z., Delporte, C., Faid, V., Calay, D., Rousseau, A., Moguilevsky, N., Raes, M. J., Vanhamme, L., et al. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.089748 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationBjerknes, R., & Aarskog, D. (1995) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.80.6.7775645 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Moguilevsky, N., Boudjeltia, K. Z., Babar, S., Delrée, P., Legssyer, I., Carpentier, Y., Vanhaeverbeek, M., & Ducobu, J. (2004) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.220 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationOscarsson, J., Lundstam, U., Gustafsson, B., Wilton, P., Edén, S., & Wlklund, O. (1995) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.1995.tb02699.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Calay, D., Rousseau, A., Mattart, L., Nuyens, V., Delporte, C., Antwerpen, P. V., Moguilevsky, N., Arnould, T., Boudjeltia, K. Z., & Raes, M. J. (2010) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2009.2971 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationThe immune recovery function of sleep – Tracked by neutrophil counts
Lange, T., & Born, J. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Bjerknes, R. (1995) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.80.6.1948 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Larsson, A. O., Carlsson, L. M. S., & Axelsson, J. (2008) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.02.018 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 42 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Lopresti, A. L., Hood, S. D., & Drummond, P. D. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.01.014 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Short sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk: from pathophysiology to clinical evidence
Tobaldini, E., Fiorelli, E. M., Solbiati, M., Costantino, G., Nobili, L., & Montano, N. (2019) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-018-0109-6 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Role of sleep quality in the metabolic syndrome
Gozal, D., Dumin, M., & Koren, D. (2016) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s95120 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Aho, V., Ollila, H. M., Kronholm, E., Bondia-Pons, I., Soininen, P., Kangas, A. J., Hilvo, M., Seppälä, I., Kettunen, J., Oikonen, M., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep24828 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine, immune and oxidative stress in shift workers
Faraut, B., Bayon, V., & Léger, D. (2013) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.12.006 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationLow-Density Lipoprotein Modified by Myeloperoxidase in Inflammatory Pathways and Clinical Studies
Delporte, C., Antwerpen, P. V., Vanhamme, L., Roumeguère, T., & Boudjeltia, K. Z. (2013) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2013/971579 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationSeyedsadjadi, N., & Grant, R. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox10010015 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Association between weekend catch-up sleep duration and hypertension in Korean adults
Hwangbo, Y., Kim, W., Chu, M. K., Yun, C., & Yang, K. I. (2013) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.02.009 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Sleep in women undergoing in vitro fertilization: a pilot study
Goldstein, C. A., Lanham, M. S. M., Smith, Y. R., & O'Brien, L. M. (2016) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2016.12.007 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
DeMartino, T., Ghoul, R. E., Wang, L., Bena, J., Hazen, S. L., Tracy, R. P., Patel, S. R., Auckley, D. H., & Mehra, R. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.5964 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Lopresti, A. L. (2015) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-015-0170-5 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Wolkow, A. P., Ferguson, S. A., Vincent, G. E., Larsen, B., Aisbett, B., & Main, L. C. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138128 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sleep, Circadian Rhythms, and Fertility
Goldstein, C. A., & Smith, Y. R. (2016) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-016-0057-9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Chennaoui, M., Drogou, C., Sauvet, F., Gomez-Mérino, D., Scofield, D. E., & Nindl, B. C. (2014) · European Cytokine Network · doi:10.1684/ecn.2014.0356 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Beneficial effects of weekend catch-up sleep on metabolic syndrome in chronic short sleepers
Kim, D. J., Mun, S. J., Choi, J. S., Kim, J., Lee, G.-H., Kim, H.-W., Park, M., & Cho, J. W. (2020) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.09.025 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Circadian rhythm disruption: health consequences
Sharma, A., Tiwari, S., & Singaravel, M. (2015) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2015.1103942 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Effects of Sleep Duration on Cardiovascular Events
Ahmad, A. N., & Didia, S. C. (2020) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-020-1271-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Li, Q.-L., Wang, C., Cao, K.-X., Zhang, L., Xu, Y.-S., Chang, L., Liu, Z., Yang, A.-J., & Xue, Y.-X. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1178396 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The association between shift work and health: A review
Itani, O., & Kaneita, Y. (2016) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1007/s41105-016-0055-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Boudjeltia, K. Z., Delporte, C., Antwerpen, P. V., Franck, T. J., Serteyn, D., Moguilevsky, N., Raes, M. J., Vanhamme, L., Vanhaeverbeek, M., MEERHAEGHE, A. V., et al. (2013) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2013/750742 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationStoner, L. R., Higgins, S., & Paterson, C. A. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00258.2023 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Daulatzai, M. A. (2015) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-015-9528-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Linking Sleep Disorders to Atrial Fibrillation: Pathways, Risks, and Treatment Implications
Ferreira, M. A., Oliveira, M., Laranjo, S. M., & Rocha, I. (2024) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology13100761 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ma, G., Cai, Y., Zhang, Y., & Fan, J. (2024) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-024-03071-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Correlation Between Sleep and Coronary Heart Disease: A Review
Shi, Q., Gao, Y., Shi, Z., & Li, M. (2025) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/rcm37252 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sleep and cardiometabolic risk. Narrative revision
Rodulfo, J. I. A., Aure, G., & Carrera, F. (2024) · Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.artere.2024.01.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zhu, H., Wu, Q., Zhang, R., Zhang, Z., Feng, Y., Liu, T., Liu, D., Chen, X., & Dong, X. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106654 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sueño y riesgo cardiometabólico. Revisión narrativa
Rodulfo, J. I. A., Aure, G., & Viñoles, F. C. (2023) · Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.arteri.2023.08.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Caffeine, Sleep, and Antioxidant Status
Onaolapo, O. J., & Onaolapo, A. Y. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816658-1.00028-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Shi, Q., Gao, Y., Zhang, Z., Shi, Z., Yu, H., Zhang, T., Lv, M., Chen, D. D., Zhao, Z., Gu, Y., et al. (2025) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/rcm41098 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Biologic Effects of Disrupted Sleep
Cordoza, M. L., Jones, C. W., & Dinges, D. F. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06447-0_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Consequences of Sleep Disruption
Muncey, A. R., & Malhotra, A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-3383-5.00087-7
The Repair of Sleep Restriction Induced Neurocognitive Deficits After Recovery Sleep
Manley, M. E. (2017) · CommonKnowledge Research Repository (Pacific University Oregon)
Sleep variability and cardiovascular health in undergraduate college students
Katulka, E. K. (2024) · Library, Museums and Press - UDSpace (University of Delaware) · doi:10.58088/83me-az82
Beyond the absence of sleep disorder: spotlighting the cardiovascular benefits of sleep health
Simon, J. E. (2022) · Sleep Science · doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20220002
Chudzikowski, M., Dudek, P., Łuczak, K., Pawlik, A., Pięta, J., Prokopiuk, A., Prus, J., Sitarek, H., Tabeau, A., & Ulicka, W. (2025) · Journal of Education Health and Sport · doi:10.12775/jehs.2025.80.59416
- Authors
- Zouaoui Boudjeltia, K., Faraut, B., Esposito, M. J., Stenuit, P., Dyzma, M., Van Antwerpen, P., Brohée, D., Vanhamme, L., Moguilevsky, N., Vanhaeverbeek, M., & Kerkhofs, M.
- Affiliations
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
- University of Namur (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Kerkhofs, Myriam
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2011-11-30
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e28230
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3227655
- OpenAlex
- W2014149627
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 2.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository of the University of Namur (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission (MCRTN-CT-2004-512362)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- myeloperoxidase, modified LDL, sleep restriction, sleep recovery, oxidative stress, cardiovascular risk, inflammation, slow-wave sleep, insulin-like growth factor I, cardiovascular biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, C-Reactive Protein, Fibrinogen, Health, Humans, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Leukocytes, Lipoproteins, LDL, Male, Peroxidase, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Time Factors, Interleukin-8, Inflammation Mediators, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
