Immune, inflammatory and cardiovascular consequences of sleep restriction and recovery
Abstract
In addition to its effects on cognitive function, compelling evidence links sleep loss to alterations in the neuroendocrine, immune and inflammatory systems with potential negative public-health ramifications. The evidence to suggest that shorter sleep is associated with detrimental health outcomes comes from both epidemiological and experimental sleep deprivation studies. This review will focus on the post-sleep deprivation and recovery changes in immune and inflammatory functions in well-controlled sleep restriction laboratory studies. The data obtained indicate non-specific activation of leukocyte populations and a state of low-level systemic inflammation after sleep loss. Furthermore, one night of recovery sleep does not allow full recovery of a number of these systemic immune and inflammatory markers. We will speculate on the mechanism(s) that link(s) sleep loss to these responses and to the progression of cardiovascular disease. The immune and inflammatory responses to chronic sleep restriction suggest that chronic exposure to reduced sleep (<6 h/day) and insufficient time for recovery sleep could have gradual deleterious effects, over years, on cardiovascular pathogenesis with a heightened risk in women and in night and shift workers. Finally, we will examine countermeasures, e.g., napping or sleep extension, which could improve the recovery processes, in terms of alertness and immune and inflammatory parameters, after sleep restriction.
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Previous studies indicate that the immune system is activated during experimental sleep restriction, and in persons who in epidemiological studies report short sleep duration.
“Previous studies indicate that the immune system is activated during experimental sleep restriction, and in persons who in epidemiological studies report short sleep duration (reviewed in6465).”
From Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses (2016) · cites this paper as [64]
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is affected by experimental sleep restriction.
“Because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates a wide range of physiologic processes and is affected by experimental sleep restriction, it is a putative key mediator of the adverse health effects of insufficient sleep (3–11).”
From Adverse effects of two nights of sleep restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men (2014) · cites this paper as [8]
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates a wide range of physiologic processes.
“Because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates a wide range of physiologic processes and is affected by experimental sleep restriction, it is a putative key mediator of the adverse health effects of insufficient sleep (3–11).”
From Adverse effects of two nights of sleep restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men (2014) · cites this paper as [8]
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is a putative key mediator of the adverse health effects of insufficient sleep.
“Because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates a wide range of physiologic processes and is affected by experimental sleep restriction, it is a putative key mediator of the adverse health effects of insufficient sleep (3–11).”
From Adverse effects of two nights of sleep restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men (2014) · cites this paper as [8]
Habitual short sleep, usually 6 hours or less, is linked in epidemiological studies to increased mortality and increased prevalence and incidence of numerous pathological conditions including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, vulnerability to infection, depression, and anxiety.
“Habitual short sleep, usually 6 hours or less, has been linked in epidemiological studies to increased mortality and increased prevalence and incidence of numerous pathological conditions including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, vulnerability to infection, depression, and anxiety (3–10).”
From Adverse effects of two nights of sleep restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men (2014) · cites this paper as [8]
Two 30-min naps (in the morning and afternoon) normalized daytime IL-6 decreases observed after a night of sleep restricted to 2 h.
“Similarly, two 30-min-long naps (in the morning and afternoon, respectively) normalized daytime IL-6 decreases observed after a night of sleep restricted to 2 h (180).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [180]
Small-scale experimental studies have shown that short-term sleep deprivation may lead to metabolic dysregulation, elevated inflammation, and elevated blood pressure.
“Small-scale experimental studies have shown that short-term sleep deprivation may lead to metabolic dysregulation[29-34], elevated inflammation[35, 36], and elevated blood pressure[37].”
From Habitual sleep duration associated with self-reported and objectively determined cardiometabolic risk factors (2014) · cites this paper as [35]
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BackgroundMethodPérez de Heredia, F., Garaulet, M., Gómez-Martínez, S., Díaz, L. E., Wärnberg, J., Androutsos, O., Michels, N., Breidenassel, C., Cuenca-García, M., Huybrechts, I., et al. (2014) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.04.010 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Faraut, B., Boudjeltia, K. Z., Vanhamme, L., & Kerkhofs, M.
- Affiliations
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Kerkhofs, Myriam
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 137-149
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2049777419
- Cited by
- 418
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- sleep restriction, sleep deprivation, recovery sleep, immune function, systemic inflammation, cardiovascular disease, leukocyte activation, sleep extension, napping, shift work, night work, sex differences, alertness
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Female, Humans, Immunity, Inflammation, Male, Neurosecretory Systems, Sex Factors, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation
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