The Distance Between Mars and Venus: Measuring Global Sex Differences in Personality
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Sex differences in personality are believed to be comparatively small. However, research in this area has suffered from significant methodological limitations. We advance a set of guidelines for overcoming those limitations: (a) measure personality with a higher resolution than that afforded by the Big Five; (b) estimate sex differences on latent factors; and (c) assess global sex differences with multivariate effect sizes. We then apply these guidelines to a large, representative adult sample, and obtain what is presently the best estimate of global sex differences in personality. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Personality measures were obtained from a large US sample (N = 10,261) with the 16PF Questionnaire. Multigroup latent variable modeling was used to estimate sex differences on individual personality dimensions, which were then aggregated to yield a multivariate effect size (Mahalanobis D). We found a global effect size D = 2.71, corresponding to an overlap of only 10% between the male and female distributions. Even excluding the factor showing the largest univariate ES, the global effect size was D = 1.71 (24% overlap). These are extremely large differences by psychological standards. SIGNIFICANCE: The idea that there are only minor differences between the personality profiles of males and females should be rejected as based on inadequate methodology.
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The generalizability of sex-linked distinctions has been questioned.
“Yet the generalizability of these sex -linked distinctions has been questioned (Del Giudice et al. 2012; Plug et al. 2021; Dewi et al. 2024)”
From Examining the linguistic and behavioural patterns of gender identity in women with dissociative identity disorder (2025) · cites this paper as Del Giudice et al. 2012
The Discussion’s Conclusion (page unavailable) calls for replication with other datasets and personality measures, and for comparison with observer ratings, which supports caution about generalizing this study’s findings. It does not question the generalizability of sex-linked distinctions broadly; the Discussion instead describes its measured personality differences as large. (LLM, conf=0.81)
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- Authors
- Del Giudice, M., Booth, T., & Irwing, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- ORCID
- Booth, Tom
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-01-04
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e29265
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3251566
- OpenAlex
- W2156603052
- Cited by
- 256
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 16.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Regione Piemonte (L.R.n.4./2006, 4/2006)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- sex differences in personality, Big Five personality traits, 16PF, latent variable models, multigroup analysis, methodological limitations
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Personality, Personality Inventory, Personality Tests, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sex Characteristics, Sex Differentiation, Mars, Venus
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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