Intradermal Electroporation of Naked Replicon RNA Elicits Strong Immune Responses
Open accessAbstract
RNA-based vaccines represent an interesting immunization modality, but suffer from poor stability and a lack of efficient and clinically feasible delivery technologies. This study evaluates the immunogenic potential of naked in vitro transcribed Semliki Forest virus replicon RNA (RREP) delivered intradermally in combination with electroporation. Replicon-immunized mice showed a strong cellular and humoral response, contrary to mice immunized with regular mRNA. RREP-elicited induction of interferon-γ secreting CD8+ T cells and antibody responses were significantly increased by electroporation. CD8+ T cell responses remained substantial five weeks post vaccination, and antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with phenotypic characteristics of both effector and central memory cells were identified. The immune response during the contraction phase was further increased by a booster immunization, and the proportion of effector memory cells increased significantly. These results demonstrate that naked RREP delivered via intradermal electroporation constitute an immunogenic, safe and attractive alternative immunization strategy to DNA-based vaccines.
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Injection of naked mRNA or self-amplifying RNA in vivo induces gene expression and generates immune responses, with self-amplifying RNA being more efficient for gene expression in situ.
“Injection of naked mRNA or self-amplifying RNA in vivo induces gene expression and generates immune responses (4, 11-13), with self-amplifying RNA being more efficient for gene expression in situ (13,14).”
From Nonviral delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines (2012) · cites this paper as [14]
The Results section ('Relative expression levels and cellular immune response'; page unavailable) reports in vivo gene expression from both mRNA and replicon RNA, with lower, shorter-lived expression from mRNA. Replicon RNA elicited immune responses, but naked mRNA produced no detectable specific immune response in this study's single-injection experiments. The Introduction does report immune responses to mRNA vaccination in other studies, so the broad claim is supported only with that qualification. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere are limited published data on the in vivo delivery of self-amplifying RNA using nonviral delivery strategies, and none has taken advantage of the recently developed, clinically suitable delivery systems for siRNA.
“There are limited published data on the in vivo delivery of self-amplifying RNA using nonviral delivery strategies (3,14,18), and none has taken advantage of the recently developed, clinically suitable delivery systems for siRNA (19,20).”
From Nonviral delivery of self-amplifying RNA vaccines (2012) · cites this paper as [14]
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- Authors
- Johansson, D. X., Ljungberg, K., Kakoulidou, M., & Liljeström, P.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Johansson, Daniel X.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-01-04
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e29732
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3251598
- OpenAlex
- W2057294180
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Styrelsen för Internationellt Utvecklingssamarbete
- Karolinska Institutet
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Microbial Inactivation Methods
- Keywords
- RNA vaccines, Semliki Forest virus, in vitro transcribed RNA, CD8+ T cell responses, interferon-gamma, humoral antibody response, central memory T cells, effector memory T cells, booster vaccination, vaccine delivery
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Cutaneous, Animals, Feasibility Studies, Immunity, Cellular, Immunization, Immunologic Memory, Luciferases, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Replicon, RNA, Viral, Semliki forest virus, Genes, Reporter, Electroporation, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Mice
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