Mapping Connectivity Damage in the Case of Phineas Gage
Open accessAbstract
White matter (WM) mapping of the human brain using neuroimaging techniques has gained considerable interest in the neuroscience community. Using diffusion weighted (DWI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), WM fiber pathways between brain regions may be systematically assessed to make inferences concerning their role in normal brain function, influence on behavior, as well as concerning the consequences of network-level brain damage. In this paper, we investigate the detailed connectomics in a noted example of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) which has proved important to and controversial in the history of neuroscience. We model the WM damage in the notable case of Phineas P. Gage, in whom a "tamping iron" was accidentally shot through his skull and brain, resulting in profound behavioral changes. The specific effects of this injury on Mr. Gage's WM connectivity have not previously been considered in detail. Using computed tomography (CT) image data of the Gage skull in conjunction with modern anatomical MRI and diffusion imaging data obtained in contemporary right handed male subjects (aged 25-36), we computationally simulate the passage of the iron through the skull on the basis of reported and observed skull fiducial landmarks and assess the extent of cortical gray matter (GM) and WM damage. Specifically, we find that while considerable damage was, indeed, localized to the left frontal cortex, the impact on measures of network connectedness between directly affected and other brain areas was profound, widespread, and a probable contributor to both the reported acute as well as long-term behavioral changes. Yet, while significantly affecting several likely network hubs, damage to Mr. Gage's WM network may not have been more severe than expected from that of a similarly sized "average" brain lesion. These results provide new insight into the remarkable brain injury experienced by this noteworthy patient.
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The simulated trajectory of the iron bar in Phineas Gage confirmed notable local injury and identified patterns of widespread and long-range connectivity loss that could have contributed to postinjury behavioral patterns.
“While this indeed confirmed notable local injury, it also identified patterns of widespread and longrange connectivity loss that could also have contributed to the characteristic postinjury behavioral patterns described.”
From Graph theory analysis of complex brain networks: new concepts in brain mapping applied to neurosurgery (2016) · cites this paper as [99]
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- Authors
- Van Horn, J. D., Irimia, A., Torgerson, C. M., Chambers, M. C., Kikinis, R., & Toga, A. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-05-16
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e37454
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3353935
- OpenAlex
- W2043275179
- Cited by
- 196
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 11.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of California, Los Angeles
- National Institute of Mental Health (RC1MH088194)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U54EB005149)
- National Center for Research Resources (P41RR013642, P41RR013218)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Keywords
- Phineas Gage, traumatic brain injury, white matter injury, connectomics, diffusion MRI, brain network connectivity, frontal lobe lesions, network hubs, history of neuroscience
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Injuries, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Fibers, Myelinated, Personality Disorders, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Vermont, History, 19th Century, Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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