Giving leads to happiness in young children
Open accessAbstract
Evolutionary models of cooperation require proximate mechanisms that sustain prosociality despite inherent costs to individuals. The "warm glow" that often follows prosocial acts could provide one such mechanism; if so, these emotional benefits may be observable very early in development. Consistent with this hypothesis, the present study finds that before the age of two, toddlers exhibit greater happiness when giving treats to others than receiving treats themselves. Further, children are happier after engaging in costly giving--forfeiting their own resources--than when giving the same treat at no cost. By documenting the emotionally rewarding properties of costly prosocial behavior among toddlers, this research provides initial support for the claim that experiencing positive emotions when giving to others is a proximate mechanism for human cooperation.
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Toddlers and preschoolers display positive emotions when acting prosocially.
“Likewise, toddlers and preschoolers display positive emotions when acting prosocially (Aknin, Hamlin, & Dunn, 2012; Ross, 2017).”
From Emotion understanding and the moral self-concept as motivators of prosocial behavior in middle childhood (2020) · cites this paper as Aknin et al., 2012
The Results report that toddlers were happier when giving treats to a puppet than when receiving treats. This supports the toddler portion of the sentence, but the paper does not report findings for preschoolers. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Aknin, L. B., Hamlin, J. K., & Dunn, E. W.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Aknin, Lara B.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-06-14
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e39211
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3375233
- OpenAlex
- W2081113617
- Cited by
- 304
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 43 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 31.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Keywords
- warm glow giving, prosocial behavior, happiness, toddlers, cooperation, early childhood development
- MeSH terms
- Altruism, Analysis of Variance, Child, Preschool, Female, Happiness, Humans, Male
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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