Sleep Supports Selective Retention of Associative Memories Based on Relevance for Future Utilization
Open accessAbstract
An outstanding question is whether memory consolidation occurs passively or involves active processes that selectively stabilize memories based on future utility. Here, we differentially modulated the expected future relevance of two sets of picture-location associations after learning. Participants first studied two sets of picture-location associations. After a baseline memory test, they were instructed that only one set of associations would be retested after a 14-hour delay. For half of the participants, this test-retest delay contained a night of sleep; for the other half the delay included a normal working day. At retest, participants were re-instructed and against their expectations tested on both sets of associations. Our results show that post-learning instruction about subsequent relevance selectively improves memory retention for specific associative memories. This effect was sleep-dependent; it was present only in the group of subjects for which the test-retest delay contained sleep. Moreover, time spent asleep for participants in this sleep group correlated with retention of relevant but not irrelevant associations; participants who slept longer forgot fewer associations from the relevant category. In contrast, participants that did not sleep forgot more relevant than irrelevant associations across the test-retest delay. In summary, our results indicate that it is possible to modulate the retention of selected memories after learning with simple verbal instructions on their future relevance. The finding that this effect depends on sleep demonstrates this state's active role in memory consolidation and may have utility for educational settings.
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Sleep selectively benefited the set of picture-location associations labeled as relevant for later recall testing.
“A similar selective effect of sleep was reported after learning two sets of picture-location association when only one set was labeled as relevant for later recall testing (1236).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1236]
Relevance of an encoded memory for an individual's future plans consistently favors sleep-dependent strengthening of that memory.
“A third factor that was consistently found to favor the sleepdependent strengthening of a memory is the relevance of an encoded memory for an individual's future plans (218,298,380,1056,1236,1319).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [1236]
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Cites
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“Prior studies have shown that tagging learned information with a variety of salience cues can boost sleepdependent memory consolidation (Payne et al. 2008; Fischer and Born 2009; Wilhelm et al. 2011a; van Dongen et al. 2012).”
BackgroundRapid eye movement sleep does not seem to unbind memories from their emotional context
Deliens, G., Neu, D., & Peigneux, P. (2013) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12065 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“In this context, sleep might strengthen selectively memories that are cued explicitly to be remembered during encoding (Rauchs et al., 2011; Saletin et al., 2011), even when relevance for future utilization is mentioned after the learning session (Van Dongen et al., 2012).”
BackgroundHippocampal Contributions to Declarative Memory Consolidation During Sleep
Antony, J. W., & Paller, K. A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50406-3_9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Future-relevant memories are not selectively strengthened during sleep
Ashton, J. E., & Cairney, S. A. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258110 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Blaskovich, B., Szöllősi, Á., Gombos, F., Racsmány, M., & Simor, P. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsw076 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sleep‐dependent memory consolidation is related to perceived value of learned material
van Rijn, E., Lucignoli, C., Izura, C., & Blagrove, M. (2017) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12457 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Sleep-dependent memory consolidation is thus modulated by the perceived importance of the learned material, which acts as a mechanism by which memories with future relevance are stabilized and strengthened preferentially (van Dongen et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEducational Neuroscience: Its Position, Aims and Expectations
van der Meulen, A. C., Krabbendam, L., & de Ruyter, D. D. (2015) · British Journal of Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/00071005.2015.1036836 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“First, research within this perspective concerns fundamental, but educational relevant constructs such as memory and learning (van Kesteren et al., 2012), sleep (van Dongen et al., 2012) or language switching costs (Grabner et al., 2012).”
BackgroundImpact of sleep loss before learning on cortical dynamics during memory retrieval
Alberca-Reina, E., Cantero, J. L., & Atienza, M. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.033 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Importantly, participants were informed that memory for face–face associations would be tested the following morning, since there is evidence that sleep facilitates retention of associative memories based on relevance for future utilization (Van Dongen et al., 2012).”
Suppression-induced forgetting diminishes following a delay of either sleep or wake
Davidson, P., Hellerstedt, R., Jönsson, P., & Johansson, M. (2019) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2019.1705311 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…reason for why we did not find a difference in memory performance between the Sleep and the Wake group could be that some previous work (van Dongen et al., 2012; Wilhelm et al., 2011), has found that sleep only increases memory performance when participants are expecting a re-test (but see…”
ResultWiesner, C. D., Molzow, I., Prehn‐Kristensen, A., & Baving, L. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00167 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Several studies support the hypothesis that the prospect of reward can foster sleep-dependent consolidation of declarative memories in healthy adults (Tucker et al., 2011; van Dongen et al., 2012; Feld et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSleep enhances a spatially mediated generalization of learned valuesPreprint
Javadi, A., Tolat, A., & Spiers, H. J. (2015) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.038828.115 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Conflicting evidence suggests that sleep might specifically alter representations of salient high-value objects (Hu et al. 2006; Payne et al. 2008; Fischer and Born 2009; Wilhelm et al. 2011; Van Dongen et al. 2012; Stamm et al. 2014) or have no specific effect on salient objects (Lewis et al. 2011; Tucker et al. 2011…”
BackgroundInfluentialDoes sleep help prevent forgetting rewarded memory representations in children and adults?
Prehn-Kristensen, A., Böhmig, A., Schult, J., Pedersen, A., Wiesner, C. D., & Baving, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00924 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“For example, van Dongen et al. (2012) asked adult participants to learn word lists.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLearning new word meanings from story reading: the benefit of immediate testing
Hulme, R. C., & Rodd, J. M. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11693 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Effects of sleep on the realization of complex plans
Barner, C., Altgassen, M., Born, J., & Diekelmann, S. (2019) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12655 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Role of Sleep in Forming Predictive Codes
Rauss, K. S., & Jan Born, A. (2017) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45066-7_8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The effects of wakeful rest on memory consolidation in an online memory study
King, O., & Nicosia, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.932592 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Reverberi, S., Kohn, N., & Fernández, G. (2020) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107491 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationSchlaf und Kognition bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Prehn‐Kristensen, A., & Göder, R. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1422-4917/a000614 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sopp, M. R., Friesen, E., Schäfer, S. K., Brueckner, A. H., Wirth, B. E., Weber, J., Lass‐Hennemann, J., & Michael, T. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103776 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The significance of consilience: psychoanalysis, attachment, neuroscience, and evolution
Hopkins, J. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429478734-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Nickl, A. T., & Bäuml, K. T. (2023) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-023-02330-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Thus, the mere expectancy that a memory will be used in a future test may determine whether or not sleep benefits consolidation of this memory (see also Reverberi et al., 2020; van Dongen et al., 2012).”
BackgroundReap while you sleep: Consolidation of memories differs by how they were sown
Antony, J. W., & Schechtman, E. (2023) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23526 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…have shown that sleep selectively enhances memories that are prioritized either due to perceived future relevance (i.e., information on future test; van Dongen et al., 2012; Wilhelm et al., 2011) or due to larger expected rewards (Fischer & Born, 2009; Oudiette et al., 2013; Sterpenich et al.,…”
BackgroundSleep Supports Memory of Odors in Adults but Not in Children
Prehn‐Kristensen, A., Lotzkat, K., Bauhofer, E. C., Wiesner, C. D., & Baving, L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139069 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Neurocognitive dynamics of spontaneous offline simulations: Re-conceptualizing (dream)bizarreness
Kirberg, M. (2022) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2022.2042231 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…but recent research suggest that factors include emotion (Malinowski & Horton, 2015; Payne et al., 2008), the current environment (external and internal stimuli), and personal concerns (Mildner & Tamir, 2019) as well as the relevance for the future (Van Dongen et al., 2012; Wilhelm et al., 2011).”
BackgroundBaena, D., Cantero, J. L., & Atienza, M. (2021) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107529 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…to enhance sleep-dependent consolidation, participants were informed that memory for face-face associations would be evaluated the next morning (Alger et al., 2019; Bennion et al., 2016; Merhav et al., 2015; Rauchs et al., 2011; Saletin et al., 2011; van Dongen et al., 2012; Wilhelm et al., 2011).”
BackgroundKurashige, H., Yamashita, Y., Hanakawa, T., & Honda, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00111 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Anticipation of the use of information also facilitates knowledge acquisition through sleep consolidation (Fischer and Born, 2009; Wilhelm et al., 2011; van Dongen et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSleep does not cause false memories on a story-based test of suggestibility.
van Rijn, E., Carter, N., McMurtrie, H., Willner, P., & Blagrove, M. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.04.010 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…schema formation (Lewis & Durrant, 2011), and selective consolidation according to future relevance (Fischer & Born, 2009; Saletin et al., 2011; van Dongen et al., 2012; van Rijn et al., 2017; Wilhelm et al., 2011), to arguably more sophisticated processes of insight discovery, creativity and…”
BackgroundFillmore, P. T., Gao, C.-L., Díaz, J., & Scullin, M. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01716 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Effects of Sleep and Age on Prospective Memory Consolidation: A Walk in a Virtual Museum
Rehel, S., Legrand, N., Lecouvey, G., Lanièpce, A., Bertran, F., Fleury, P., Madeleine, S., Eustache, F., Desgranges, B., & Rauchs, G. (2019) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep1030028 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Sleep selectively and durably enhances memory for the sequence of real-world experiences
Diamond, N. B., Simpson, S., Baena, D., Murray, B. J., Fogel, S. M., & Levine, B. (2025) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-025-02117-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“44,45).”
Sleep‐dependent memory consolidation of televised content in infants
Hermesch, N., Konrad, C., Barr, R., Herbert, J. S., & Seehagen, S. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14121 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“For adults, personal value (van Rijn et al., 2017), the expectation of being tested (van Dongen et al., 2012) or receiving monetary rewards (Fischer & Born, 2009) all serve as relevance tags and have been shown to facilitate sleep-dependent memory consolidation.”
Open questions in sleep and memory research
Diekelmann, S. (2013) · Somnologie - Schlafforschung und Schlafmedizin · doi:10.1007/s11818-013-0600-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Inverse forgetting in unconscious episodic memory
Pacozzi, L., Knüsel, L., Ruch, S., & Henke, K. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25100-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Barner, C., Werner, A.-S., Schörk, S., Jan Born, A., & Diekelmann, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2023.1187170 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Berkers, R., Ekman, M., van Dongen, E. V., Takashima, A., Barth, M., Paller, K. A., & Fernández, G. (2017) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/185611 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSleep and Selective Memory Consolidation in Infants: Exploring the Impact of Learning Contexts
Hermesch, N., Seehagen, S., Barr, R., Herbert, J. S., & Konrad, C. (2025) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.70045 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In adults, the personal value attributed to learned material (van Rijn et al. 2017), the anticipation of being tested (van Dongen et al. 2012), or the prospect of monetary rewards (Fischer and Born 2009) can serve as relevance tags, thereby facilitating sleep‐dependent memory consolidation.”
Flexibility and Stability in Lexical Tone Recalibration: Evidence from Tone Perceptual Learning
Luo, Y., Holger Mitterer, A., Zhou, X., & Chen, Y. (2024) · Language and Speech · doi:10.1177/00238309241291536 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kurashige, H., Yamashita, Y., Hanakawa, T., & Honda, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00600 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Slaaptekort en schoolverzuim bij jongeren: is er een relatie?
Bosman, D. J., Verhagen, C. E., & Uitenbroek, D. G. (2018) · TSG - Tijdschrift voor gezondheidswetenschappen · doi:10.1007/s12508-018-0111-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Role of Sleep in Memory Consolidation: Active or Permissive?
Schönauer, M., & Jan Born, A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21034-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Cognitive Psychology of Sleep and Memory
Alger, S. E., Pardilla‐Delgado, E., Mattingly, S. M., Cunningham, T. J., & Payne, J. D. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21062-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Targeted Memory Reactivation during Mind-Wandering in Younger and Older AdultsPreprint
Nicosia, J. (2022) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/efga-z642 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Targeted Memory Reactivation Increases Memory Recall: A Meta-analysisPreprint
Lieber, T. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/796458 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alger, S. E., & Payne, J. D. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn104 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jackson, S., Martin, G. D., Aidman, E., & Kleitman, S. (2017) · Metacognition and Learning · doi:10.1007/s11409-017-9177-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Prioritizing Detailed Item Memories Through Post-Encoding Motivation Requires Consolidation
Chamberlain, T. A., Shohamy, D., & Baldassano, C. (2026) · Open Mind · doi:10.1162/opmi.a.379
Kurdziel, L. B. F., Fiedler, C., Gajewski, A., & Pongratz, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1643449
“…as rewards value (e.g., Sterpenich et al., 2021; Fischer and Born, 2009; Asfestani et al., 2020), future utility (e.g., Wilhelm et al., 2011; van Dongen et al., 2012), or emotional significance (e.g., Payne et al., 2012; Payne et al., 2008; Cunningham et al., 2022; Baran et al., 2012).”
Barillier, L. L. (2015) · doi:10.70675/45158017z83b2z4a5fzae89z6b2d0396e218
“Les performances lors d'une tâche lexicale ou d'apprentissage spatial chez l'homme, sont améliorées par un sommeil post-apprentissage uniquement si on informe les sujets qu'il y aura un rappel (van Dongen et al., 2012 ; Wilhelm et al., 2011).”
BackgroundTime, Not Sleep, Unbinds Contexts from Item Memory
Cox, R., Tijdens, R. R., Meeter, M., Sweegers, C. C. G., & Talamini, L. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088307 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Erinnerung und Gedächtnis in der Schlaf- und Traumforschung
Hau, S. (2018) · J.B. Metzler eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-476-05356-5_25
- Authors
- van Dongen, E. V., Thielen, J.-W., Takashima, A., Barth, M., & Fernández, G.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-08-16
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e43426
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3420871
- OpenAlex
- W2110579515
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 4.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Universitätsbibliographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (400-06-110)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (268800)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- sleep-dependent memory consolidation, associative memory, sleep duration, memory stabilization
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Sleep, Young Adult
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