Sleep-dependent memory triage: evolving generalization through selective processing
Open accessAbstract
The brain does not retain all the information it encodes in a day. Much is forgotten, and of those memories retained, their subsequent evolution can follow any of a number of pathways. Emerging data makes clear that sleep is a compelling candidate for performing many of these operations. But how does the sleeping brain know which information to preserve and which to forget? What should sleep do with that information it chooses to keep? For information that is retained, sleep can integrate it into existing memory networks, look for common patterns and distill overarching rules, or simply stabilize and strengthen the memory exactly as it was learned. We suggest such 'memory triage' lies at the heart of a sleep-dependent memory processing system that selects new information, in a discriminatory manner, and assimilates it into the brain's vast armamentarium of evolving knowledge, helping guide each organism through its own, unique life.
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“Across diverse forms memory, sleep following encoding results in improved memory performance after a delay [13, 14].”
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From From cognitive maps to spatial schemas (2023) · cites this paper as [97]
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BackgroundInfluentialBoosting vocabulary learning by verbal cueing during sleep
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“A wealth of molecular cellular, neural network, brain activation, and behavioral data from birds (42), rodents (43), cats (44), and humans (45) suggest an evolutionarily conserved function for sleep in the consolidation of multiple forms of memory.”
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“Sleep actively promotes the reprocessing of fresh memories as well as their integration into the pre-existing network of long-term memories (Diekelmann and Born, 2010; Lewis and Durrant, 2011; Stickgold and Walker, 2013).”
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Awake Reactivation of Prior Experiences Consolidates Memories and Biases Cognition
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Retrieval of Emotional Events from Memory
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Parsing the role of sleep in memory processing
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“This design allowed for the investigation of effects of the sleep intervention on performance of veridical recall or selective item consolidation in the repeated images, and of multi-item generalization performance in the generalized images (Stickgold and Walker, 2013).”
MethodImproving Outcome of Psychosocial Treatments by Enhancing Memory and Learning
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Self-citationDuration, timing and quality of sleep are each vital for health, performance and safety
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Abnormal sleep spindles, memory consolidation, and schizophrenia
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“…materials but also contributes to their enhancement and integration into existing semantic networks, selectively maintains their emotional elements, extracts rules, and enhances the gist at the expense of details, all of which usually results in a more useful memory (Stickgold & Walker 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe reorganisation of memory during sleep
Landmann, N., Kühn, M., Piosczyk, H., Feige, B., Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Frase, L., Riemann, D. W., Sterr, A., & Nissen, C. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.005 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
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“As the work on memory consolidation continues (Walker and Stickgold, 2004; Stickgold and Walker, 2007, 2013), it seems critical to ask whether there were group differential effects on knowledge over time.”
BackgroundSleep Restores Behavioral Plasticity to Drosophila Mutants
Dissel, S., Angadi, V., Kirszenblat, L., Suzuki, Y., Donlea, J. M., Klose, M. K., Koch, Z., English, D., Winsky‐Sommerer, R., van Swinderen, B., et al. (2015) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.027 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
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Auditory feedback blocks memory benefits of cueing during sleep
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Does Consciousness Disappear in Dreamless Sleep?
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Napping and the selective consolidation of negative aspects of scenes
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“…demonstrates that memories can be qualitatively transformed over time (Moscovitch et al., 2005), and studies have begun to suggest that sleep plays an important role in this process as well (Oudiette & Paller, 2013; Payne, 2011a, b; Payne & Kensinger, 2010; Stickgold & Walker, 2013 for review).”
Self-citationResting state EEG correlates of memory consolidation
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“…memory processing have been proposed to exist – insight formation (Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), memory integration (Tamminen, Payne, Stickgold, Wamsley, & Gaskell, 2010) and the extraction of ‘‘gist” (Payne et al., 2009), to name only a few (Robert Stickgold & Walker, 2013).”
BackgroundMemory consolidation as an adaptive process
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NREM2 and sleep spindles are instrumental to the consolidation of motor sequence memories
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Targeted Memory Reactivation During Slow Wave Sleep Facilitates Emotional Memory Consolidation
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“SLOW OSCILLATIONS TO COORDINATE SYSTEM CONSOLIDATION OF HIPPOCAMPAL MEMORIES IN SLEEP WAKEFULNESS AND SLEEP IN EPISODIC MEMORY Whereas new information is primarily encoded during wakefulness, sleep is the brain state serving primarily the consolidation of newly encoded memories (Stickgold, 2005; Rasch and Born, 2013;…”
BackgroundFrom cognitive maps to spatial schemas
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“On the other hand, sleep enables the extraction of regularities across instances, the loss of contextual information and the retention of gist, as seen in representations in extra-hippocampal regions 89,97 .”
Sleep spindles preferentially consolidate weakly encoded memories
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Self-citationPrimed to Sleep: The Dynamics of Synaptic Plasticity Across Brain States
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“The ability to consolidate memories during sleep depends on several factors, including the type of memory being integrated and the duration and architecture of ensuing sleep (Stickgold and Walker, 2013).”
Contextual priming of word meanings is stabilized over sleep
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“…are less liable to disruption and form interrelated semantic networks with existing memories, yielding memory representations that allow abstraction, generalization, and discovery of statistical patterns across discrete memories (Lewis & Durrant, 2011; Lewis et al., 2018; Stickgold & Walker, 2013).”
BackgroundUnlearning implicit social biases during sleep
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“Sleep facilitates memory consolidation and new learning while also laying down new memories as long-term memories [89,90].”
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Memory consolidation in sleep disorders
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Post-learning hippocampal replay selectively reinforces spatial memory for highly rewarded locations
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“These studies suggest that experienced reward modulates the prioritization of post-learning processing and consolidation of associated memory traces [6], although the neural circuit mechanisms are not well understood.”
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Retroactive and graded prioritization of memory by reward
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Sleep facilitates learning a new linguistic rule
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“The general importance of sleep for memory consolidation, as well as for the extraction of rules, has been repeatedly demonstrated (Stickgold and Walker, 2013).”
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“However, several studies indicated that sleepmay have a central role inmemory reorganization processes, following similar tasks (see reviews Paller and Voss, 2004; Stickgold and Walker, 2013).”
BackgroundEye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy (EMDR)
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How Targeted Memory Reactivation Promotes the Selective Strengthening of Memories in Sleep
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Olfactory Aversive Conditioning during Sleep Reduces Cigarette-Smoking Behavior
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“Sleep is highly beneficial for learning and memory (Born et al., 2006; Dudai, 2012; Stickgold and Walker, 2013).”
Sound Asleep: Processing and Retention of Slow Oscillation Phase-Targeted Stimuli
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“In particular, the last decades have demonstrated the various effects that sleep has on memory stabilization and reorganization [1,2], processes that depend on”
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“Stickgold and Walker (2013), in their ‘triage’ theory argue that it is now “incontrovertible” (p. 139) that a sleep-dependent memory consolidation process exists; but what remains to be discovered is how we decide which memories are selected for consolidation during sleep.”
BackgroundCompetition from unseen or unheard novel words: Lexical consolidation across modalities
Bakker, I., Takashima, A., van Hell, J. G., Janzen, G., & McQueen, J. M. (2014) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2014.03.002 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Given that abstraction and generalisation of memory traces are important aspects of sleep-dependent consolidation (for a review, see Stickgold & Walker, 2013), such a process would be in line with the idea that word learning is supported by general mechanisms of memory consolidation.”
BackgroundNon Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancers – Current Perspectives
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“Sleep also promotes the integration and reprocessing of fresh memories into the existing reservoir of long-term memories [24].”
BackgroundHow robust are sleep-mediated memory benefits?
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Sleep and Cortisol Interact to Support Memory Consolidation
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Sleep deprivation increases formation of false memory
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“Adequate sleep is essential to optimize memory processes (Diekelmann and Born, 2010; Stickgold and Walker, 2013).”
REM obstructive sleep apnea: risk for adverse health outcomes and novel treatments
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The sleeping infant brain anticipates development
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“Sleep can also benefit the integration of new with old memories (5, 17), perhaps through similar means.”
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“…multiple forms of memory, such as emotional memory, episodic memory and procedural memory, is facilitated by different sleep stages and by the reactivation of new memories during sleep, and is necessary for rapid and effective adaptation to changes in the environment (Stickgold & Walker, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationOffline memory consolidation during waking rest
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Polysomnographic Characteristics of Sleep in Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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“For example, healthy restorative sleep, and especially deep sleep, which the meta-analysis suggests to be reduced in patients, is known to promote neural plasticity, learning, and memory consolidation [45,46].”
BackgroundHippocampal representations as a function of time, subregion, and brain state
Duncan, K. D., & Schlichting, M. L. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.03.006 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“…fields than those in the more dorsal body and tail (Kjelstrup et al., 2008); this observation has led to the hypothesis that the granularity of memory representations might correspondingly differ along the longitudinal axis (Poppenk, Evensmoen, Moscovitch, & Nadel, 2013; Strange et al., 2014).”
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FATORES ESTRESSORES PARA A EQUIPE DE ENFERMAGEM DAS UNIDADES DE TERAPIA INTENSIVA
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“This schema formation enables the extraction of relationships or rules governing the item set, as well as generalization to novel items (Stickgold & Walker, 2013).”
BackgroundDreaming More Data: Class-dependent Distributions over Diffeomorphisms for Learned Data AugmentationPreprint
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“havior, seemingly at a high speed [19], while frontal-cortex replay during slowwave sleep is related to rule learning [46]. In a recent review Stickgold and Walker pointed out that sleep is selective [52]: Sleep seems to consolidate relevant aspects and suppress irrelevant ones when replaying experiences, the decision…”
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“Consequently, it was proposed that effects of SWS might be restricted to merely strengthening the original episodic memory, whereas the transformation of representations would occur in REM sleep [110,111].”
Spacing Repetitions Over Long Timescales: A Review and a Reconsolidation Explanation
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“Additionally, sleep is important for the generalization of memories (Stickgold and Walker, 2013).”
BackgroundMemory consolidation reconfigures neural pathways involved in the suppression of emotional memories
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- Authors
- Stickgold, R., & Walker, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stickgold, Robert
- Walker, Matthew P
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2013-01-28
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 139-145
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC5826623
- OpenAlex
- W2036537336
- Cited by
- 755
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 71 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031164, AG031164)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-48832, R01MH093537, MH093537, R01MH048832, MH92638, R01MH092638)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA031939, R21DA031939)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- sleep-dependent memory consolidation, forgetting, memory generalization, memory integration, memory stabilization, feature binding, evolution of memory
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Discrimination, Psychological, Humans, Learning, Memory, Psychological Theory, Sleep
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Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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