Spontaneous thought as an unconstrained memory process
Abstract
The stream of thought can flow freely, without much guidance from attention or cognitive control. What determines what we think about from one moment to the next? Spontaneous thought shares many commonalities with memory processes. We use insights from computational models of memory to explain how the stream of thought flows through the landscape of memory. In this framework of spontaneous thought, semantic memory scaffolds episodic memory to form the content of thought, and drifting context modulated by one's current state - both internal and external - constrains the area of memory to explore. This conceptualization of spontaneous thought can help to answer outstanding questions such as: what is the function of spontaneous thought, and how does the mind select what to think about?
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Upon falling asleep, we stop consciously perceiving external sensory stimuli and are invaded by internal thoughts and hallucinations often unrelated to previous immediate experiences.
“As soon as we fall asleep, we stop consciously perceiving sensory stimuli from the external world, and instead be invaded by internal thoughts and hallucinations that are often unrelated to our previous immediate experiences [4].”
From How Adversarial REM Dreams May Facilitate Creativity, and Why We Become Aware of Them (2024) · cites this paper as [4]
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Shin, W.-G., Ahn, J., Choe, K. W., Lee, H., Han, J.-H., Lee, E., Lux, B. K., Woo, C., Choi, I., & Sul, S. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00341-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The default mode network: where spontaneous thought meets memory consolidation
Joshi, D., Tompary, A., & Kucyi, A. (2025) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2025.101622 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dark thoughts: Default thought tendencies as a function of neuroticism
Asad, M. R., Fereidouni, H., & Robinson, M. D. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.113726 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Patterns of Ongoing Thought Are Associated With Emotion Regulation and Negative Affect in Daily Life
Wang, R., Bas, L. M., Janet, R., Smallwood, J., Xu, Y., Morawetz, C., & Tusche, A. (2026) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-026-00355-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A New Protocol to Study Mind-Wandering for Air Traffic Controllers
Servais, A., Riedinger, F., Granger, G., Imbert, J.-P., Barbeau, E. J., & Hurter, C. (2023) · Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors · doi:10.1027/2192-0923/a000253 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Suominen, P. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3721233 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bodily Maps of Spontaneous ThoughtPreprint
Shin, H., Lux, B. K., Kim, H. J., & Woo, C. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.07.06.547921 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
How Adversarial Rem-Dreams May Facilitate Creativity, and Why We Become Aware of ThemPreprint
Deperrois, N., Petrovici, M. A., Jordan, J., Huber, L. S., & Senn, W. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0684.v2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Unravelling Repetitive Negative Thinking With Reinforcement LearningPreprint
Bedder, R. L., Hitchcock, P., & Sharp, P. B. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/cu46a · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Testing the construct validity of competing measurement approaches to probed mind-wandering reportsPreprint
Kane, M. J., Smeekens, B. A., Meier, M. E., Welhaf, M., & Phillips, N. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/te9yc_v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Integrated Overview of the Memory System
Sharma, I. D. (2021) · International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology · doi:10.22214/ijraset.2021.35690
Gare au burn-out de la rentrée !
Sylvie Chokron, A. (2021) · Cerveau & Psycho · doi:10.3917/cerpsy.136.0088
Why do we think? The dynamics of spontaneous thought reveal its functionsPreprint
Mildner, J. N., & Tamir, D. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ufd4y
Self-citationSUBJECTIVE ASPECT OF RESTING STATE: AN OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH METHODS
Бычкова, А. С., Андреевна, К. О., & Enikolopova, E. V. (2023) · Moscow University Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.11621/vsp.2023.01.09
Getting Personal: Brain Decoding of Spontaneous Thought Using Personal NarrativesPreprint
Kim, H. J., Lux, B. K., Finn, E. S., & Woo, C. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540141
Kérébel, A., Caille, J.-A., & Sackur, J. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/tghb7
How Rapid-Eye-Movement Dreams May Facilitate Learning and CreativityPreprint
Deperrois, N., Petrovici, M. A., Jordan, J., Huber, L. S., & Senn, W. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0684.v1
Shin, W.-G., Ahn, J., Choe, K. W., Lee, H., Han, J.-H., Lee, E., Lux, B. K., Woo, C., Choi, I., & Sul, S. (2024) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6y2fa
Spontaneous associative thought may facilitate scene-gist memory via implicit scene-labeling
Baror, S., Aminoff, E., & Kenett, Y. N. (2024) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-024-01672-y
Chang, Z., & Haifeng, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1730402
Robinson, M. D., Fereidouni, H., Asad, M. R., & Irvin, R. L. (2026) · Personality Science · doi:10.1177/27000710261445288
Fereidouni, H., & Robinson, M. D. (2026) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-026-01062-y
Mori, K., & Sakano, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1722790
Ongoing thoughts at rest reflect functional brain organization and behaviour
Ke, J., Chamberlain, T. A., Song, H., Corriveau, A., Zhang, Z., Martinez, T., Sams, L., Chun, M. M., Leong, Y. C., & Rosenberg, M. D. (2026) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-026-02563-9
Music influences the content of spontaneous thought
Wu, W., Margulis, E. H., & Jakubowski, K. (2026) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106722
- Authors
- Mildner, J. N., & Tamir, D. I.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mildner, Judith N.
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 763-777
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2981129803
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 170
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 0.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- spontaneous thought, memory, semantic memory, episodic memory, memory landscapes, computational model of memory, cognitive control, attention
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Brain, Humans, Memory, Models, Neurological, Models, Psychological, Neural Pathways, Mental Recall, Semantics, Thinking, Memory, Episodic
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