International Tables of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values: 2008
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE—To systematically tabulate published and unpublished sources of reliable glycemic index (GI) values. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A literature search identified 205 articles published between 1981 and 2007. Unpublished data were also included where the data quality could be verified. The data were separated into two lists: the first representing more precise data derived from testing healthy subjects and the second primarily from individuals with impaired glucose metabolism. RESULTS—The tables, which are available in the online-only appendix, list the GI of over 2,480 individual food items. Dairy products, legumes, and fruits were found to have a low GI. Breads, breakfast cereals, and rice, including whole grain, were available in both high and low GI versions. The correlation coefficient for 20 staple foods tested in both healthy and diabetic subjects was r = 0.94 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS—These tables improve the quality and quantity of GI data available for research and clinical practice.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Epidemiological evidence and relatively long term clinical trials suggest that a wide range of total carbohydrate intakes is acceptable.
“While we have not considered the evidence regarding total carbohydrate intake, epidemiological evidence and relatively long term clinical trials 46 suggest that a wide range of intakes is acceptable, a finding which is endorsed by authoritative dietary guidelines.47”
From Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
Refined grains such as white bread, corn flakes, and rice; starchy foods such as russet or white potatoes; and pure table sugar all produce brisk rises in blood glucose and insulin.
“Consequently, refined grains such as white bread, corn flakes, and rice; starchy foods such as russet or white potatoes; and pure table sugar all produce brisk rises in blood glucose and insulin (known as their glycemic index; or, when multiplied by portion size, as their glycemic load).161”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [161]
Poor quality carbohydrates are associated with long-term weight gain, diabetes, and CVD.
“Consistent with this constellation of adverse effects, poor quality carbohydrates are associated with long-term weight gain, diabetes, and CVD.29, 89, 158, 167”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [161]
The findings have relevance to high-GI breakfasts commonly consumed in the United States.
“Thus, the findings have relevance to high-GI breakfasts commonly consumed in the United States (eg, a bagel and fat-free cream cheese) (12).”
From Effects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in men (2013) · cites this paper as [12]
The glycemic index describes how carbohydrate-containing foods affect blood glucose in the postprandial state.
“The GI describes how carbohydrate-containing foods affect blood glucose in the postprandial state (12,13).”
From Effects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in men (2013) · cites this paper as [12]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002,
Foster-Powell, K., Holt, S. H., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2002) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/76.1.5 · Cited by 3,080 · see citing works
Self-citationInternational tables of glycemic index
Foster-Powell, K., & Miller, J. (1995) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/62.4.871s · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary Carbohydrate (Amount and Type) in the Prevention and Management of Diabetes
Sheard, N. F., Clark, N. G., Brand-Miller, J. C., Franz, M. J., Pi-Sunyer, F. X., Mayer-Davis, E., Kulkarni, K., & Geil, P. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.9.2266 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Self-citationFood properties affecting the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
Björck, I., Granfeldt, Y., Liljeberg, H., Tovar, J., & Asp, N. (1994) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.3.699s · Cited by 398 · see citing works
FAO/WHO Scientific Update on carbohydrates in human nutrition: conclusions
Mann, J. I., Cummings, J. H., Englyst, H. N., Key, T. J. A., Liu, S., Riccardi, G., Summerbell, C. D., Uauy, R. D., van Dam, R. M., Venn, B. J., et al. (2007) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602943 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
The implementation of nutritional advice for people with diabetes
Nutrition Subcommittee of the Diabetes Care Advisory Committee of Diabetes UK (2003) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2003.01104.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Franz, M. J. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.8.2466 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses
Zeevi, D., Korem, T., Zmora, N., Israeli, D., Rothschild, D., Weinberger, A., Ben-Yacov, O., Lador, D., Avnit-Sagi, T., Lotan-Pompan, M., et al. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.001 · Cited by 2,929 · see citing works
Mozaffarian, D. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.115.018585 · Cited by 2,216 · see citing works
Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Reynolds, A., Mann, J., Cummings, J., Winter, N., Mete, E., & Te Morenga, L. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31809-9 · Cited by 1,630 · see citing works
Imamura, F., O’Connor, L., Ye, Z., Mursu, J., Hayashino, Y., Bhupathiraju, S. N., & Forouhi, N. G. (2015) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.h3576 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
Western Diet and the Immune System: An Inflammatory Connection
Christ, A., Lauterbach, M., & Latz, E. (2019) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.09.020 · Cited by 907 · see citing works
The role of sugar-sweetened beverages in the global epidemics of obesity and chronic diseases
Malik, V. S., & Hu, F. B. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-021-00627-6 · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Augustin, L. S. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Jenkins, D. J. A., Willett, W. C., Astrup, A., Barclay, A. W., Björck, I., Brand-Miller, J. C., Brighenti, F., Buyken, A. E., et al. (2015) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2015.05.005 · Cited by 707 · see citing works
Self-citationHoyland, A., Dye, L., & Lawton, C. L. (2009) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422409990175 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Salas-Huetos, A., Bulló, M., & Salas-Salvadó, J. (2017) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmx006 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values 2021: a systematic review
Atkinson, F. S., Brand-Miller, J. C., Foster-Powell, K., Buyken, A. E., & Goletzke, J. (2021) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab233 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Food Matrix: Implications in Processing, Nutrition and Health
Aguilera, J. M. (2019) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2018.1502743 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Bhupathiraju, S. N., Tobias, D. K., Malik, V. S., Pan, A., Hruby, A., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., & Hu, F. B. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.079533 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Jenkins, D. J. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Augustin, L. S. A., Mitchell, S., Sahye-Pudaruth, S., Blanco Mejia, S., Chiavaroli, L., Mirrahimi, A., Ireland, C., Bashyam, B., et al. (2012) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/2013.jamainternmed.70 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Jönsson, T., Granfeldt, Y., Ahrén, B., Branell, U.-C., Pålsson, G., Hansson, A., Söderström, M., & Lindeberg, S. (2009) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/1475-2840-8-35 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Ebbeling, C. B., Feldman, H. A., Klein, G. L., Wong, J. M. W., Bielak, L., Steltz, S. K., Luoto, P. K., Wolfe, R. R., Wong, W. W., & Ludwig, D. S. (2018) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.k4583 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Impact of Diet Composition on Blood Glucose Regulation
Russell, W. R., Baka, A., Björck, I., Delzenne, N., Gao, D., Griffiths, H. R., Hadjilucas, E., Juvonen, K., Lahtinen, S., Lansink, M., et al. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2013.792772 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Hur, J., Otegbeye, E., Joh, H.-K., Nimptsch, K., Ng, K., Ogino, S., Meyerhardt, J. A., Chan, A. T., Willett, W. C., Wu, K., et al. (2021) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323450 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Sacks, F. M., Carey, V. J., Anderson, C. A. M., Miller, E. R., Copeland, T., Charleston, J., Harshfield, B. J., Laranjo, N., McCarron, P., Swain, J., et al. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.16658 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Sugary drink consumption and risk of cancer: results from NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort
Chazelas, E., Srour, B., Desmetz, E., Kesse-Guyot, E., Julia, C., Deschamps, V., Druesne-Pecollo, N., Galan, P., Hercberg, S., Latino-Martel, P., et al. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l2408 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Marsh, K. A., Steinbeck, K. S., Atkinson, F. S., Petocz, P., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.29261 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary spermidine improves cognitive function
Schroeder, S., Hofer, S. J., Zimmermann, A., Pechlaner, R., Dammbrueck, C., Pendl, T., Marcello, G. M., Pogatschnigg, V., Bergmann, M., Müller, M., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108985 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Functionality of sugars in foods and health
Clemens, R. A., Jones, J. M., Kern, M., Lee, S., Mayhew, E. J., Slavin, J. L., & Zivanovic, S. (2016) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12194 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Paniagua, J. A. (2016) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i19.483 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus
Bain, E., Crane, M., Tieu, J., Han, S., Crowther, C. A., & Middleton, P. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010443.pub2 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Bao, J., Atkinson, F., Petocz, P., Willett, W. C., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2011) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.110.005033 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Self-citationViana, L. V., Gross, J. L., & Azevedo, M. J. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc14-1530 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Becerra-Tomás, N., Díaz-López, A., Rosique-Esteban, N., Ros, E., Buil-Cosiales, P., Corella, D., Estruch, R., Fitó, M., Serra-Majem, L., Arós, F., et al. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.03.015 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Buyken, A. E., Goletzke, J., Joslowski, G., Felbick, A., Cheng, G., Herder, C., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.074252 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationOdegaard, A. O., Koh, W.-P., Arakawa, K., Yu, M. C., & Pereira, M. A. (2010) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwp452 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Assessment of Causal Relations
Livesey, G., Taylor, R., Livesey, H. F., Buyken, A. E., Jenkins, D. J. A., Augustin, L. S. A., Sievenpiper, J. L., Barclay, A. W., Liu, S., Wolever, T. M. S., et al. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11061436 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Self-citationPoston, L., Briley, A. L., Barr, S., Bell, R., Croker, H., Coxon, K., Essex, H. N., Hunt, C., Hayes, L., Howard, L. M., et al. (2013) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-13-148 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Meng, Y., Li, S., Khan, J., Dai, Z., Li, C., Hu, X., Shen, Q., & Xue, Y. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13082636 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Effects of dietary glycemic index on brain regions related to reward and craving in men
Lennerz, B. S., Alsop, D. C., Holsen, L. M., Stern, E., Rojas, R., Ebbeling, C. B., Goldstein, J. M., & Ludwig, D. S. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.064113 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Potato consumption and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Iranian population
Khosravi-Boroujeni, H., Mohammadifard, N., Sarrafzadegan, N., Sajjadi, F., Maghroun, M., Khosravi, A., Alikhasi, H., Rafieian, M., & Azadbakht, L. (2012) · International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition · doi:10.3109/09637486.2012.690024 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Ormsbee, M., Bach, C., & Baur, D. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6051782 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Burger, K. N. J., Beulens, J. W. J., van der Schouw, Y. T., Sluijs, I., Spijkerman, A. M. W., Sluik, D., Boeing, H., Kaaks, R., Teucher, B., Dethlefsen, C., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043127 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Jenkins, D. J. A., Srichaikul, K., Kendall, C. W. C., Sievenpiper, J. L., Abdulnour, S., Mirrahimi, A., Meneses, C., Nishi, S., He, X., Lee, S., et al. (2011) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-010-1927-1 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Smith, J. D., Hou, T., Ludwig, D. S., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W., Hu, F. B., & Mozaffarian, D. (2015) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.100867 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Kazemi, M., McBreairty, L. E., Chizen, D. R., Pierson, R. A., Chilibeck, P. D., & Zello, G. A. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10101387 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Jenkins, D. J. A., Willett, W. C., Yusuf, S., Hu, F. B., Glenn, A. J., Liu, S., Mente, A., Miller, V., Bangdiwala, S. I., Gerstein, H. C., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00344-3 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Is glycaemic index (GI) a valid measure of carbohydrate quality?
Wolever, T. M. S. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.27 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Jenkins, D. J. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Vuksan, V., Faulkner, D., Augustin, L. S. A., Mitchell, S., Ireland, C., Srichaikul, K., Mirrahimi, A., Chiavaroli, L., et al. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-2990 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Zong, G., Sun, Q., Yu, D., Zhu, J., Sun, L., Ye, X., Li, H., Jin, Q., Zheng, H., Hu, F. B., et al. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-0975 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Llaha, F., Gil-Lespinard, M., Unal, P., de Villasante, I., Castañeda, J., & Zamora-Ros, R. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13020516 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“The beverages high in sugar, including the FJs present a high glycemic index [10], which is also suggested to be linked to cancer [11].”
BackgroundKendall, C. W. C., Josse, A. R., Esfahani, A., & Jenkins, D. J. A. (2011) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.12 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Fardet, A. (2015) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c4fo00477a · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Raziani, F., Tholstrup, T., Kristensen, M. D., Svanegaard, M. L., Ritz, C., Astrup, A., & Raben, A. (2016) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.134932 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Wei, J., Heng, W., & Gao, J. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000003792 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Barr, S., Reeves, S., Sharp, K., & Jeanes, Y. M. (2013) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.06.347 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Low Glycemic Index Prototype Isomaltulose—Update of Clinical Trials
Maresch, C. C., Petry, S. F., Theis, S., Bosy-Westphal, A., & Linn, T. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9040381 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Comparison of Dietary Intake between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Women and Controls
Shishehgar, F., Ramezani Tehrani, F., Mirmiran, P., Hajian, S., Baghestani, A. R., & Moslehi, N. (2016) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v8n9p302 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
König, D., Theis, S., Kozianowski, G., & Berg, A. (2012) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2011.09.019 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cai, X., Wang, C., Wang, S., Cao, G., Jin, C., Yu, J., Li, X., Yan, J., Wang, F., Yu, W., et al. (2015) · Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1010539514566742 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
A comparison of isomaltulose versus maltodextrin ingestion during soccer-specific exercise
Stevenson, E. J., Watson, A., Theis, S., Holz, A., Harper, L. D., & Russell, M. (2017) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3719-5 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Insights on medical nutrition therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus: an Indian perspective
Viswanathan, V., Krishnan, D., Kalra, S., Chawla, R., Tiwaskar, M., Saboo, B., Baruah, M., Chowdhury, S., Makkar, B. M., & Jaggi, S. (2019) · Advances in Therapy · doi:10.1007/s12325-019-0872-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Carbohydrates and Endurance Exercise: A Narrative Review of a Food First Approach
Naderi, A., Gobbi, N., Ali, A., Berjisian, E., Hamidvand, A., Forbes, S. C., Koozehchian, M. S., Karayigit, R., & Saunders, B. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15061367 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Effects of diet composition on postprandial energy availability during weight loss maintenance
Walsh, C. O., Ebbeling, C. B., Swain, J. F., Markowitz, R. L., Feldman, H. A., & Ludwig, D. S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058172 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Lo, W.-C., Ou, S.-H., Chou, C.-L., Chen, J.-S., Wu, M.-Y., & Wu, M.-S. (2021) · Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s40620-020-00957-0 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mursu, J., Virtanen, J. K., Rissanen, T. H., Tuomainen, T.-P., Nykänen, I., Laukkanen, J. A., Kortelainen, R., & Voutilainen, S. (2011) · Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2009.08.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
A systematic review on the relations between pasta consumption and cardio-metabolic risk factors
Huang, M., Li, J., Ha, M.-A., Riccardi, G., & Liu, S. (2017) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2017.07.005 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Added sugar, glycemic index and load in colon cancer risk
Galeone, C., Pelucchi, C., & Vecchia, C. L. (2012) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0b013e3283539f81 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
König, D., Zdzieblik, D., Holz, A., Theis, S., & Gollhofer, A. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8070390 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Pham-Short, A., Donaghue, K. C., Ambler, G., Garnett, S., & Craig, M. E. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep45286 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Carbohydrate supplementation: A critical review of recent innovations
Baur, D. A., & Saunders, M. J. (2021) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04534-y · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Peng, X., Li, J., Zhao, H., Lai, J., Lin, J., & Tang, S. (2022) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-022-01015-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Castro-Quezada, I., Flores-Guillén, E., Núñez-Ortega, P. E., Irecta-Nájera, C. A., Sánchez-Chino, X. M., Mendez-Flores, O. G., Olivo-Vidal, Z. E., García-Miranda, R., Solís-Hernández, R., & Ochoa-Díaz-López, H. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11123066 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Amano, T., Sugiyama, Y., Okumura, J., Fujii, N., Kenny, G. P., Nishiyasu, T., Inoue, Y., Kondo, N., Sasagawa, K., Enoki, Y., et al. (2019) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep087843 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mahjourian, M. M., Zeinalabedini, M., Hanjani, N. A., & Azadbakht, L. (2025) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-025-15466-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Atkinson, F. S., Foster-Powell, K., & Brand-Miller, J. C.
- Affiliations
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- From the Institute of Obesity, Nutrition and Exercise, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2008-12-01
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2281-2283
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- PMC
- PMC2584181
- OpenAlex
- W2583854923
- Cited by
- 1,965
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 117 · 2022: 191 · 2021: 193 · 2020: 141 · 2019: 129 · 2018: 105 · 2017: 91 · 2016: 246 · 2015: 116 · 2014: 90 · 2013: 117 · 2012: 74
- FWCI
- 39.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Diet and metabolism studies
- Keywords
- glycemic index, glycemic load, food items, carbohydrate metabolism, impaired glucose metabolism, diabetes mellitus, staple foods, dairy products, Fabaceae, fruits, bread, breakfast cereals, rice, whole grains
- MeSH terms
- Diet, Diabetic, Dietary Carbohydrates, Food, Humans, Reference Standards, Glycemic Index
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
