Differentiation without Distancing. Explaining Bi-Polarization of Opinions without Negative Influence
Open accessAbstract
Explanations of opinion bi-polarization hinge on the assumption of negative influence, individuals' striving to amplify differences to disliked others. However, empirical evidence for negative influence is inconclusive, which motivated us to search for an alternative explanation. Here, we demonstrate that bi-polarization can be explained without negative influence, drawing on theories that emphasize the communication of arguments as central mechanism of influence. Due to homophily, actors interact mainly with others whose arguments will intensify existing tendencies for or against the issue at stake. We develop an agent-based model of this theory and compare its implications to those of existing social-influence models, deriving testable hypotheses about the conditions of bi-polarization. Hypotheses were tested with a group-discussion experiment (N = 96). Results demonstrate that argument exchange can entail bi-polarization even when there is no negative influence.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The social influence of extreme opinions is capped, as suggested by experimental findings.
“Its odd non-linear shape guarantees that an agent j influences others in the direction of its own opinion's sign, σ ( x j ), that this influence increases monotonically with the agent's conviction | x j | , and that the social influence of extreme opinions is capped, as suggested by experimental findings [35].”
From Modeling echo chambers and polarization dynamics in social networks (2020) · cites this paper as [35]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241 · see citing works
Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste*
Bourdıeu, P. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315680347-10 · Cited by 20,319 · see citing works
Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415 · Cited by 18,567 · see citing works
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284 · see citing works
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.
Miller, G. A. (1956) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0043158 · Cited by 17,812 · see citing works
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information.
Miller, G. A. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.2.343 · Cited by 17,469 · see citing works
Olson, M. (1965) · doi:10.4159/9780674041660 · Cited by 14,191 · see citing works
The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.4324/9780203505984-16 · Cited by 13,467 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In the same line of reasoning, psychological theories relying on the self-categorization paradigm [8,12,13] hold that humans adjust their opinions and behavior in order to minimize the heterogeneity within their ingroup and to maximize differences to outgroups [14].”
BackgroundThe Logic of Collective Action.
Golembiewski, R. T., & Olson, M. (1966) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091298 · Cited by 11,371 · see citing works
Psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,626 · see citing works
Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory.
Willer, D., Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1989) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2073157 · Cited by 7,189 · see citing works
The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity
Cowan, N. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01003922 · Cited by 6,779 · see citing works
Social categorization and intergroup behaviour
Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P., & Flament, C. (1971) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420010202 · Cited by 5,562 · see citing works
The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time
Brewer, M. B. (1991) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167291175001 · Cited by 5,107 · see citing works
(2011) · Cited by 4,430 · see citing works
Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology.
Rose, A. W., & Tajfel, H. (1983) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2066820 · Cited by 4,157 · see citing works
Micromotives and Macrobehavior
Eaton, B. C., & Schelling, T. C. (1981) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.2307/134812 · Cited by 3,801 · see citing works
Attitudes and cognitive organization
Heider, F. (1946) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1946.9917275 · Cited by 3,672 · see citing works
House, D., & Keyser, J. C. (2016) · A K Peters/CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315373140-16 · Cited by 3,396 · see citing works
Liggett, T. M. (1985) · Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8542-4 · Cited by 2,962 · see citing works
Opinion Dynamics and Bounded Confidence Models, Analysis and Simulation
Hegselmann, R., & Krause, U. (2002) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 2,394 · see citing works
Ibarra, H. (1992) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393451 · Cited by 2,163 · see citing works
Demographic Diversity and Faultlines: The Compositional DYnamics of Organizational Groups
Lau, D. C.-S., & Murnighan, J. K. (1998) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1998.533229 · Cited by 2,051 · see citing works
The Dissemination of Culture: A Model with Local Convergence and Global Polarization
Axelrod, R. (1997) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/0022002797041002001 · Cited by 1,918 · see citing works
FILTER BUBBLE: Wie wir im Internet entmündigt werden
Pariser, E. (2012) · doi:10.3139/9783446431164 · Cited by 1,849 · see citing works
Social Pressures in Informal Groups
Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3707362 · Cited by 1,831 · see citing works
Measurement of τ polarizationPreprint
Al, H. H. E., Chiba, Y., Daigo, M., Fukawa, M., Fukushima, Y., Hamasaki, H., Hemmi, Y., Higuchi, M., Hirose, T., Homma, Y., et al. (1997) · Cited by 1,821 · see citing works
Political Polarization in the American Public
Fiorina, M. P., & Abrams, S. J. (2008) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.153836 · Cited by 1,798 · see citing works
Opinion evolution in closed community
Sznajd-Weron, K., & Sznajd, J. (2000) · International Journal of Modern Physics C · doi:10.1142/s0129183100000936 · Cited by 1,408 · see citing works
The law of group polarization.
Sunstein, C. R. (2002) · Journal of Political Philosophy · doi:10.1111/1467-9760.00148 · Cited by 1,371 · see citing works
Freedom and Control in Modern Society.
Dahl, R. A., Berger, M., Abel, T., & Page, C. H. (1954) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2087947 · Cited by 1,361 · see citing works
Race, School Integration, and Friendship Segregation in America
Moody, J. W. (2001) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/338954 · Cited by 1,347 · see citing works
Abramowitz, A. I., & Saunders, K. L. (2008) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1017/s0022381608080493 · Cited by 1,308 · see citing works
Readings in attitude theory and measurement
Jahoda, M., & Fishbein, M. (1968) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/588703 · Cited by 1,287 · see citing works
CREATING HYBRID TEAM CULTURES: AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF TRANSNATIONAL TEAM FUNCTIONING.
Earley, P. C., & Mosakowski, E. (2000) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/1556384 · Cited by 1,285 · see citing works
An Online Recruitment System for Economic Experiments
Greiner, B. (2004) · Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich) · Cited by 1,278 · see citing works
Have American's Social Attitudes Become More Polarized?
DiMaggio, P., Evans, J., & Bryson, B. (1996) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/230995 · Cited by 1,250 · see citing works
Homophily in Voluntary Organizations: Status Distance and the Composition of Face-to-Face Groups
McPherson, J. M., & Smith‐Lovin, L. (1987) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095356 · Cited by 1,229 · see citing works
A formal theory of social power.
French, J. R. P. (1956) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046123 · Cited by 1,111 · see citing works
"Anything But Heavy Metal": Symbolic Exclusion and Musical Dislikes
Bryson, B. (1996) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096459 · Cited by 1,076 · see citing works
Attitude Change: Persuasion and Social Influence
Wood, W. (2000) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.539 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
Group polarization: A critical review and meta-analysis.
Isenberg, D. J. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1141 · Cited by 1,044 · see citing works
From private attitude to public opinion: A dynamic theory of social impact.
Nowak, A. K., Szamrej, J., & Latané, B. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.362 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
The Impact of College on Students
Feldman, K. A., & Newcomb, T. M. (2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429339059 · Cited by 956 · see citing works
Cartwright, D. (1959) · Works - Scholarship, Research, & Creative Expression (Swarthmore College) · Cited by 940 · see citing works
Carley, K. M. (1991) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096108 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
The Social Psychology of Group Cohesiveness: From Attraction to Social Identity
Hogg, M. A. (1992) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Simmel, G. (1957) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/222102 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
Mummendey, A., Kessler, T., Klink, A., & Mielke, R. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.229 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Beyond and Below Racial Homophily: ERG Models of a Friendship Network Documented on Facebook
Wimmer, A., & Lewis, K. (2010) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/653658 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Sunstein, C. R. (2007) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Turner, J. C., & Reynolds, K. J. (2012) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446249222.n46 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Berger, J., & Heath, C. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.593 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Social Influence Network Theory
Friedkin, N. E., & Johnsen, E. C. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511976735 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Dynamic Social Network Modeling and Analysis: Workshop Summary and Papers
Brelger, R., Carley, K. M., & Pattison, P. E. (2004) · National Academies Press eBooks · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Dynamics of Political Polarization
Baldassarri, D., & Bearman, P. (2007) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240707200507 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Contributions to mathematical psychology
Frederiksen, N., & Gulliksen, H. O. (1964) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Biased assimilation, homophily, and the dynamics of polarization
Dandekar, P., Goel, A., & Lee, D. T. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1217220110 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Wegge, J., Roth, C., Neubach, B., Schmidt, K., & Kanfer, R. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012680 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Group Conflict and Cooperation: Their Social Psychology
Krausz, E. (1968) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/003803856800200220 · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Studies in social psychology in World War II
Division, E. (1949) · Princeton University Press eBooks · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Mason, W. A., Conrey, F. R., & Smith, E. R. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868307301032 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Hogg, M. A., Turner, J. C., & Davidson, B. (1990) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1101_6 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Social identification effects in group polarization.
Mackie, D. M. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.4.720 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Have Americans' Attitudes Become More Polarized?—An Update*
Evans, J. H. (2003) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1540-6237.8401005 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Culture and Competition: Homophily and Distancing Explanations for Cultural Niches
Mark, N. (2003) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/1519727 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Discussion effects on racial attitudes
Myers, D. G., & Bishop, G. D. (1970) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.169.3947.778 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Small Worlds and Cultural Polarization
FLACHE, A., & MACY, M. W. (2011) · The Journal of Mathematical Sociology · doi:10.1080/0022250x.2010.532261 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationA Necessary and Sufficient Condition for Reaching a Consensus Using DeGroot's Method
Berger, R. L. (1981) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1981.10477662 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
An Individual‐Based Model of Innovation Diffusion Mixing Social Value and Individual Benefit
Deffuant, G., Huet, S., & Amblard, F. (2005) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/430220 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Global culture: A noise-induced transition in finite systems
Klemm, K., Eguı́luz, V. M., Toral, R., & Miguel, M. S. (2003) · Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics · doi:10.1103/physreve.67.045101 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Elias, N. (1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 213 · see citing works
The Unintended Consequences of Social Action
Boudon, R. (1977) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-04381-1 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Biased Assimilation, Homophily, and the Dynamics of Polarization
Dandekar, P., Goel, A., & Lee, D. (2012) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35311-6_47 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Individualization as Driving Force of Clustering Phenomena in Humans
Mäs, M., Flache, A., & Helbing, D. (2010) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000959 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond Individual Differences: Social Differentiation from First Principles
Mark, N. (1998) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657552 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Opinion change and communicator-communicatee similarity and dissimilarity.
Berscheid, E. (1966) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0021193 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Heterogeneous beliefs, segregation, and extremism in the making of public opinions
Galam, S. (2005) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.71.046123 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Depolarization of attitudes in groups.
Vinokur, A. D., & Burnstein, E. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.8.872 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Group polarization as conformity to the prototypical group member
McGarty, C., Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., David, B., & Wetherell, M. S. (1992) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00952.x · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Ising, Schelling and self-organising segregation
Stauffer, D., & Solomon, S. (2007) · The European Physical Journal B · doi:10.1140/epjb/e2007-00181-8 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Mäs, M., Flache, A., Takács, K., & Jehn, K. A. (2012) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1120.0767 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Microfoundations of Mass Polarization
Levendusky, M. S. (2009) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpp003 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Choice Shift and Group Polarization
Friedkin, N. E., & Johnsen, E. C. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511976735.010 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
A Continuous Opinion Dynamics Model Based on the Principle Of Meta-contrast
Salzarulo, L. (2006) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Choice shift and group polarization.
Friedkin, N. E. (1999) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657407 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Globalization, polarization and cultural drift
Klemm, K., Eguı́luz, V. M., Toral, R., & Miguel, M. S. (2004) · Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control · doi:10.1016/j.jedc.2003.08.005 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Introduction to Mathematical Sociology
Bonacich, P., & Lu, P. (2012) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv31r2nfj · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Cognitive consistency and performance in the autokinetic situation.
Sampson, E. E., & Insko, C. A. (1964) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0041242 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Allocation, Lehrer models, and the consensus of probabilities
Wagner, C. G. (1982) · Theory and Decision · doi:10.1007/bf00133978 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Flache, A., & Mäs, M. (2008) · Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory · doi:10.1007/s10588-008-9019-1 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationIntroduction to Mathematical Sociology
Bonacich, P., & Lu, P. (2012) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400842452 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cultural Integration and Differentiation in Groups and Organizations
Mäs, M., Flache, A., & Kitts, J. A. (2013) · Studies in the philosophy of sociality · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01952-9_5 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationFlache, A., & Mäs, M. (2007) · Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory · doi:10.1016/j.simpat.2007.11.020 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationMacrodynamics: Toward a Theory on the Organization of Human Populations.
Sanderson, S. K., & Turner, J. H. (1997) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2580683 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Brown, G. D. A., & Chater, N. (2001) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198250357.003.0004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Baker, W. E. (2013) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctt4cg9m0 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mecklin, J. M., & Ross, E. A. (1922) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2939395 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Group polarization and choice‐dilemmas: how important is self‐categorization?
Križan, Z., & Baron, R. S. (2006) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.345 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
What sustains cultural diversity and what undermines it? Axelrod and beyondPreprint
Flache, A., & Macy, M. W. (2006) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.physics/0604201 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationThe influence of communicator-recipient similarity upon the beliefs and behavior of pregnant women
Mazen, R., & Leventhal, H. (1972) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(72)90019-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Positive and Negative Referent Others as Sources of Influence: A Case of Helping
Schwartz, S. H., & Ames, R. E. (1977) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/3033541 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Social categorization and attitude change
van Knippenberg, A., & Wilke, H. (1988) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420180503 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Dissimilation and differential assimilation in social influence (situations of ‘normalization’)
Lemaine, G. (1975) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420050106 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Group status, group size and attitude polarization
van Knippenberg, D., de Vries, N. K., & van Knippenberg, A. (1990) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420200306 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
WHEN WILL THEY EVER MAKE UP THEIR MINDS? THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF UNSTABLE DECISION MAKING
Flache, A., & Torenvlied, R. (2004) · Journal of Mathematical Sociology · doi:10.1080/00222500490480257 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [20]Katz E, Lazarsfeld PF (1995) Personal Influence. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
- [75]Myers DG (1982) Polarizing Effects of Social Interaction. In: Brandstätter H, Davis JH, Stocker-Kreichgauer G, editors. Group Decision Making. London: Academic Press. 125–161.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Modeling echo chambers and polarization dynamics in social networks
Baumann, F., Lorenz-Spreen, P., Sokolov, I. M., & Starnini, M. (2020) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.124.048301 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
How digital media drive affective polarization through partisan sorting
Törnberg, P. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2207159119 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
O’Connor, C., & Weatherall, J. O. (2018) · European Journal for Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1007/s13194-018-0213-9 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Robust Clustering in Generalized Bounded Confidence Models
Kurahashi-Nakamura, T., Mäs, M., & Lorenz, J. (2016) · Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation · doi:10.18564/jasss.3220 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Mäs, M., & Flache, A.
- Affiliations
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Mäs, Michael
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2013-11-27
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e74516
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3842239
- OpenAlex
- W2081989682
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 5.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection (cc-by)
- Funders
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
- Universiteit Utrecht
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (VIDI Grant 452-04-351, 452-04-351)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Keywords
- opinion polarization, negative influence, argument exchange, homophily, social influence, agent-based modeling, group discussion, opinion dynamics
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Theoretical, Social Behavior, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
