Earliest Human Presence in North America Dated to the Last Glacial Maximum: New Radiocarbon Dates from Bluefish Caves, Canada
Open accessAbstract
The timing of the first entry of humans into North America is still hotly debated within the scientific community. Excavations conducted at Bluefish Caves (Yukon Territory) from 1977 to 1987 yielded a series of radiocarbon dates that led archaeologists to propose that the initial dispersal of human groups into Eastern Beringia (Alaska and the Yukon Territory) occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). This hypothesis proved highly controversial in the absence of other sites of similar age and concerns about the stratigraphy and anthropogenic signature of the bone assemblages that yielded the dates. The weight of the available archaeological evidence suggests that the first peopling of North America occurred ca. 14,000 cal BP (calibrated years Before Present), i.e., well after the LGM. Here, we report new AMS radiocarbon dates obtained on cut-marked bone samples identified during a comprehensive taphonomic analysis of the Bluefish Caves fauna. Our results demonstrate that humans occupied the site as early as 24,000 cal BP (19,650 ± 130 14C BP). In addition to proving that Bluefish Caves is the oldest known archaeological site in North America, the results offer archaeological support for the "Beringian standstill hypothesis", which proposes that a genetically isolated human population persisted in Beringia during the LGM and dispersed from there to North and South America during the post-LGM period.
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Ancient Cultures and Migrations in Northeastern Siberia
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Late Pleistocene shrub expansion preceded megafauna turnover and extinctions in eastern Beringia
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Nunataks and valley glaciers: Over the mountains and through the ice
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Evidence of artefacts made of giant sloth bones in central Brazil around the last glacial maximum
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The “Fishing Link”: Salmonids and the Initial Peopling of the Americas
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An Oceanographic Perspective on Early Human Migrations to the Americas
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Paternal origin of Paleo-Indians in Siberia: insights from Y-chromosome sequences
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Arctic Beringia and Native American Origins
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Multiple Sclerosis in Latin Americans: Genetic Aspects
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Horseshoe‐based Bayesian nonparametric estimation of effective population size trajectories
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Revisiting the mammoth bone modifications from Bluefish Caves (YT, Canada)
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Self-citationIdentifying the accumulator: Making the most of bone surface modification data
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Radical Listening: Transdisciplinarity, Restorative Justice and Change
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High Rate of Infection by Only Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus in Amerindians
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Deep classification of cut-marks on bones from Arroyo del Vizcaíno (Uruguay)
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Evaluating Claims of Early Human Occupation at Chiquihuite Cave, Mexico
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INITIAL HUMAN COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS, REDUX
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Climate, caribou and human needs linked by analysis of Indigenous and scientific knowledge
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Exceeding Hrdlička's aims: 100 Years of genetics in anthropology
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Questioning the Anthropic Nature of Pedra Furada and the Piauí Sites
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Horse sacrifice and butchery in Bronze Age Mongolia
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Sites in the Americas with Possible or Probable Evidence for the Butchering of Proboscideans
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Beringia and the peopling of the Western Hemisphere
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Self-citationAntiquity of mtDNA lineage D1g from the southern cone of South America supports pre-Clovis migration
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Is theory about peopling of the Americas a bridge too far?
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Black carbon traces of human activities in stalagmites from Turkey
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The arrival of Homo sapiens in the Near East and Europe
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Horse exploitation by Beringian hunters during the Last Glacial Maximum
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Gautney, J. R. (2018) · Journal of Archaeological Science Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.02.043 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Indigenous fire stewardship shaped North American Great Lakes forests
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Archaeological evidence shows widespread human depopulation of Last Glacial Maximum Northeast Asia
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Another “Critique,” Same Old Song: A Brief Rebuttal to Gómez Coutouly
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Beringia and the Settlement of the Western Hemisphere
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Colonization of the Eurasian Arctic
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THE ANCIENT CULTURES OF THE EXTREME NORTHEAST ASIA AND ETHNOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTIONS
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Terrestrial Fauna and Hominin DNA from Sedimentary Archives
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Lagoa Santa's contribution to the origins and life of early Americans
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The Search for Ice Age Americans
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Mind the Guardrails: Epistemic Trespassing and Apt Deference
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New Radiocarbon Ages on Percussion-Fractured and Flaked Proboscidean Limb Bones from Yukon, Canada
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Walking closer to the sky: High-altitude landscapes and the peopling of the New World
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The Cultural Materials from Pilauco and Los Notros Sites
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- Authors
- Bourgeon, L., Burke, A., & Higham, T.
- Affiliations
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bourgeon, Lauriane
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2017-01-06
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e0169486
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5218561
- OpenAlex
- W2568445233
- Semantic Scholar
- 7ff011d224175ad9f16c93e9379fd4ad75e5f790
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 20
- FWCI
- 64.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Fonds de Recherche du Québec-Société et Culture (2015-SE-179537)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
- Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Keywords
- Last Glacial Maximum, taphonomy, radiocarbon dating, prehistoric archaeology, Yukon
- MeSH terms
- Archaeology, Canada, Fossils, Humans, Human Activities, North America, Radiometric Dating, Caves
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