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Cited by 17Pleistocene-Era Hominins and ArchaeologyForensic and Genetic ResearchIndigenous Studies and Ecology

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 94 of the 94 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 186 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Beringia and the peopling of the Western Hemisphere

Open access
Hoffecker, John F., Elias, Scott A., Scott, G. Richard, O'Rourke, Dennis H., Hlusko, Leslea J., Potapova, Olga, Pitulko, Vladimir, Pavlova, Elena, Bourgeon, Lauriane, Vachula, Richard S.·2023·Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
DOI 10.1098/rspb.2022.2246PMC PMC9832545
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Abstract

Did Beringian environments represent an ecological barrier to humans until less than 15 000 years ago or was access to the Americas controlled by the spatial-temporal distribution of North American ice sheets? Beringian environments varied with respect to climate and biota, especially in the two major areas of exposed continental shelf. The East Siberian Arctic Shelf ('Great Arctic Plain' (GAP)) supported a dry steppe-tundra biome inhabited by a diverse large-mammal community, while the southern Bering-Chukchi Platform ('Bering Land Bridge' (BLB)) supported mesic tundra and probably a lower large-mammal biomass. A human population with west Eurasian roots occupied the GAP before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and may have accessed mid-latitude North America via an interior ice-free corridor. Re-opening of the corridor less than 14 000 years ago indicates that the primary ancestors of living First Peoples, who already had spread widely in the Americas at this time, probably dispersed from the NW Pacific coast. A genetic 'arctic signal' in non-arctic First Peoples suggests that their parent population inhabited the GAP during the LGM, before their split from the former. We infer a shift from GAP terrestrial to a subarctic maritime economy on the southern BLB coast before dispersal in the Americas from the NW Pacific coast.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review argues that the distribution of North American ice sheets, not Beringian environments as an ecological barrier, was the critical control on the peopling of the Western Hemisphere. It synthesizes geology, palaeogenomics and archaeology to propose that Ancient Palaeo-Siberians occupied the Great Arctic Plain during the LGM and that the ancestors of living First Peoples dispersed from the NW Pacific coast after accessing it from the southern Bering Land Bridge.

Key findings

  • Beringian environments varied: the East Siberian Arctic Shelf/Great Arctic Plain supported a dry steppe-tundra biome with a diverse large-mammal community, while the southern Bering-Chukchi Platform/Bering Land Bridge supported mesic tundra and probably lower large-mammal biomass and human carrying capacity.
  • A population with west Eurasian roots occupied the Great Arctic Plain before the LGM; the Yana River sites date to 34.5–31.5 ka and yielded an estimated effective population size (Ne) of 500 with a low inbreeding coefficient. A genetic “arctic signal” in both arctic and non-arctic First Peoples suggests their parent population inhabited the Great Arctic Plain during the LGM before the APS/ANA split, estimated between approximately 24 ka and 19 ka.
  • Reopening of the interior ice-free corridor after 14 ka, with a narrow corridor at 13.8 ± 0.5 ka, indicates that the rapid dispersal of First Peoples before 14.5 ka probably began on the largely deglaciated NW Pacific coast, accessible from the southern Bering Land Bridge; the ANA population reached the southern tip of South America before 13 ka.
  • The authors infer a shift from a Great Arctic Plain terrestrial economy to a subarctic maritime economy on the southern Bering Land Bridge before dispersal, and conclude that variation among living First Peoples more likely reflects regional differentiation after divergence from a Northeast Asian source than multiple migrations.

Methods

  • Review and synthesis, not a primary data-collection study.
  • Integrates palaeoclimate, sea-level and glacial chronologies, palaeobotany, ancient DNA/palaeogenomics, archaeology, faunal records and sedimentary biomarkers.
  • Main analysis evaluates competing hypotheses—Beringian ecological barrier versus ice-sheet control, and multiple migrations versus single migration with regional diversification—by cross-referencing dated geological, genetic and archaeological evidence.

Limitations

  • Stated: pre-LGM sea-level history and the reconstruction of a smaller Laurentide ice sheet are disputed; the timing of Laurentide/Cordilleran coalescence is unclear; evidence for human presence in Beringia during the LGM is limited; there is no supporting archaeological evidence for people on the southern Bering Land Bridge; Lake E-5 reconnaissance found no archaeological remains; Bluefish Caves interpretations and the New Mexico footprint dating are disputed.
  • Stated: the authors “can only speculate” on the process by which people from arctic Beringia developed a maritime economy on a subarctic coast.
  • Evident from the text: the conclusions rely heavily on indirect proxies—biomarkers, genetic signals and palaeoclimate reconstructions—and on negative evidence, while the proposed southern Bering Land Bridge coastal adaptation lacks direct archaeological support.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1098/rspb.2022.2246

Cites

94 of 94 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

0 of 186 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation

    The Yana River occupants carried a genetic adaptation to a northern diet (ancestral allele for expression of the FADS1 gene, advantageous for a diet rich in PUFAs).

    “They carried a genetic adaptation to a northern diet (ancestral allele for expression of the FADS1 gene, advantageous for a diet rich in PUFAs) which presumably reflects a shift from a low-latitude diet containing a relatively high proportion of plant foods [59].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] Mathieson I. 2020 Limited evidence for selection at the FADS locus in Native American populations. Mol. Biol. Evol. 37, 2029. (10.1093/molbev/msaa064) 32145021 PMC7306688 source
  • Findingcitation

    There is evidence for people in eastern Beringia in the form of biomarker data (faecal sterol molecular markers) from two lakes in arctic Alaska.

    “There is evidence for people in eastern Beringia in the form of biomarker data (faecal sterol molecular markers) from two lakes in arctic Alaska.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [80] Vachula RS, Huang Y, Russell JM, Abbott MB, Finkenbinder MS, O'Donnell JA. 2020 Sedimentary biomarkers reaffirm human impacts on northern Beringian ecosystems during the Last Glacial period. Boreas 49, 514- 525. (10.1111/bor.12449) source
  • Findingcitation

    The split between arctic and non-arctic populations is estimated to have taken place during the LGM.

    “As described below, a suite of genetic adaptations to high latitudes (including low UV radiation) found today among both the arctic and non-arctic populations of the Western Hemisphere indicates that ancestral First Peoples inhabited the Arctic before the split between the two populations, which is estimated to have taken place during the LGM [73].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [73] Amorim CEG, Nunes K, Meyer D, Comas D, Bortolini MC, Salzano FM, Hünemeier T. 2017 Genetic signature of natural selection in first Americans. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 2195. (10.1073/pnas.1620541114) 28193867 PMC5338486
  • Findingcitation

    The ANE population is present in southern Siberia during middle and late Upper Palaeolithic times at Mal'ta (24 ka) and Afontova Gora (17 ka).

    “The ANE population is present in southern Siberia during middle and late Upper Palaeolithic times at Mal'ta (24 ka) and Afontova Gora (17 ka), and their immediate ancestors (see below) are found in the Arctic and western Beringia as early as 33 ka [39,61,78].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [39] Pitulko VV, Pavlova EY, Nikolskiy PA. 2017 Revising the archaeological record of the Upper Pleistocene Arctic Siberia: human dispersal and adaptations in MIS 3 and 2. Quat. Sci. Rev. 165, 127- 148. (10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.04.004) source
    • cites [61] Sikora M et al. 2019 The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene. Nature 570, 182- 188. (10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z) 31168093 PMC7617447 source
    • cites [78] Raghavan M et al. 2013 Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans. Nature 505, 87- 91. (10.1038/nature12736) 24256729 PMC4105016 source
  • Findingcitation

    APS is present in subarctic Siberia (59° North latitude) at Khaiyrgas Cave at 17 ka.

    “APS is present in subarctic Siberia (59° North latitude) at Khaiyrgas Cave at 17 ka [74].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] Kılınç GM et al. 2021 Human population dynamics and Yersinia pestis in ancient northeast Asia. Sci. Adv. 7, eabc4587. (10.1126/sciadv.abc4587) 33523963 PMC7787494 source
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 38
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 13

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    Mechanical projectile weaponry is inferred from the morphometrics of Levallois points in the IUP and indicated by diagnostic impact fractures in southwest Europe approximately 45 ka.

    “Mechanical projectile weaponry is inferred from the morphometrics of Levallois points in the IUP and indicated by diagnostic impact fractures in southwest Europe approximately 45 ka [63,64].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [63] Shea JJ, Sisk ML. 2010 Complex projectile technology and Homo sapiens dispersal into western Eurasia. PaleoAnthropol. 2010, 100- 122. source
    • cites [64] Sano K et al. 2019 The earliest evidence for mechanically delivered projectile weapons in Europe. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 3, 1409- 1414. (10.1038/s41559-019-0990-3) 31558829 PMC6823051 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    Whole-genome analyses of two human teeth recovered from the Yana River sites indicate a robust hunter-gatherer population with an estimated effective population size (Ne) of 500 and low inbreeding coefficient.

    “Whole-genome analyses of two human teeth recovered from the sites indicate a robust hunter–gatherer population with an estimated effective population size (Ne) of 500 and low inbreeding coefficient (i.e. compare with Chagyrskaya Cave Neanderthal population described earlier) [61].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [61] Sikora M et al. 2019 The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene. Nature 570, 182- 188. (10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z) 31168093 PMC7617447 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    ANE contributed to the East Asian genome and-both indirectly and directly-to the Native American genome.

    “A second regional population with roots in western Eurasia (Ancient North Eurasians (ANE)) expanded into Northeast Asia before 30 ka and contributed to the East Asian genome and—both indirectly and directly—to the Native American genome.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [39] Pitulko VV, Pavlova EY, Nikolskiy PA. 2017 Revising the archaeological record of the Upper Pleistocene Arctic Siberia: human dispersal and adaptations in MIS 3 and 2. Quat. Sci. Rev. 165, 127- 148. (10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.04.004) source
    • cites [61] Sikora M et al. 2019 The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene. Nature 570, 182- 188. (10.1038/s41586-019-1279-z) 31168093 PMC7617447 source
    • cites [78] Raghavan M et al. 2013 Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans. Nature 505, 87- 91. (10.1038/nature12736) 24256729 PMC4105016 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    The Yana River sites have yielded thousands of stone and non-stone artefacts, and a large quantity of associated faunal remains, including steppe bison, reindeer, hare and mammoth.

    “The earliest well-dated archaeological sites and human remains are represented by a cluster of open-air sites near the mouth of the Yana River that have yielded thousands of stone and non-stone artefacts, and a large quantity of associated faunal remains, including steppe bison, reindeer, hare and mammoth.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [21] Reimer PJ et al. 2020 The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon 62, 725- 757. (10.1017/RDC.2020.41) source
    • cites [39] Pitulko VV, Pavlova EY, Nikolskiy PA. 2017 Revising the archaeological record of the Upper Pleistocene Arctic Siberia: human dispersal and adaptations in MIS 3 and 2. Quat. Sci. Rev. 165, 127- 148. (10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.04.004) source
    • cites [52] Pavlova EY, Pitulko VV. 2020 Late Pleistocene and early Holocene climate changes and human habitation in the arctic western Beringia based on revision of palaeobotanical data. Quat. Internatl. 549, 5- 25. (10.1016/j.quaint.2020.04.015) source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    Calibration of a large sample of radiocarbon dates with the IntCal20 curve shows a concentration of ages around 34.5-31.5 ka, coinciding with two brief interstadials (GI 6 and GI 5).

    “Calibration of a large sample of radiocarbon dates with the IntCal20 curve shows a concentration of ages around 34.5–31.5 ka, coinciding with two brief interstadials (Greenland Interstadial 6 [GI 6] and GI 5) [21,39,52].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [21] Reimer PJ et al. 2020 The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon 62, 725- 757. (10.1017/RDC.2020.41) source
    • cites [39] Pitulko VV, Pavlova EY, Nikolskiy PA. 2017 Revising the archaeological record of the Upper Pleistocene Arctic Siberia: human dispersal and adaptations in MIS 3 and 2. Quat. Sci. Rev. 165, 127- 148. (10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.04.004) source
    • cites [52] Pavlova EY, Pitulko VV. 2020 Late Pleistocene and early Holocene climate changes and human habitation in the arctic western Beringia based on revision of palaeobotanical data. Quat. Internatl. 549, 5- 25. (10.1016/j.quaint.2020.04.015) source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    An initial phase of extreme cold was interrupted by a brief interstadial (GI 2) at 24-23 ka, followed by another interval of low temperatures that were slightly milder than the initial phase.

    “An initial phase of extreme cold was interrupted by a brief interstadial (GI 2) at 24–23 ka, followed by another interval of low temperatures that were slightly milder than the initial phase [21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Reimer PJ et al. 2020 The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon 62, 725- 757. (10.1017/RDC.2020.41) source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    Despite the extreme, sustained cryo-arid climate, which lowered plant and animal biomass, new research indicates that people were present in the colder and drier regions of northern Eurasia, including the central East European Plain and subarctic Siberia, although their numbers may have been significantly reduced.

    “Despite the extreme, sustained cryo-arid climate, which lowered plant and animal biomass, new research indicates that people were present in the colder and drier regions of northern Eurasia, including the central East European Plain and subarctic Siberia, although their numbers may have been significantly reduced [76,84].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [76] Kuzmin YV, Kosintsev PA, Stepanov AD, Boeskorov GG, Cruz RJ. 2017 Chronology and faunal remains of the Khaiyrgas Cave (eastern Siberia, Russia). Radiocarbon 59, 575- 582. (10.1017/RDC.2016.39) source
    • cites [84] Pryor AJE, Beresford-Jones DG, Dudin AE, Ikonnikova EM, Hoffecker JF, Gamble C. 2020 Chronology and function of a new circular mammoth bone structure from Kostenki 11. Antiquity 94, 323- 341. (10.15184/aqy.2020.7)

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingown data

    Field research on both sides of the Bering Strait, including western arctic Beringia, yields evidence for the presence of the west Eurasian lineage before the LGM, but has yet to produce definitive evidence for the East Asian lineage greater than 10 ka.

    “We are pursuing field research on both sides of the Bering Strait, including western arctic Beringia, which yields evidence for the presence of the west Eurasian lineage before the LGM, but has yet to produce definitive evidence for the East Asian lineage greater than 10 ka, although a credible archaeological proxy for APS (microblades) dates to approximately 15 ka [39,52]).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    The adaptations include the ancestral allele for FADS1, already common in the north Eurasian population, which became fixed not only in arctic and non-arctic First Peoples but also in related East Asian groups.

    “The adaptations include the ancestral allele for FADS1, already common in the north Eurasian population, which became fixed not only in arctic and non-arctic First Peoples but also in related East Asian groups [59].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] Mathieson I. 2020 Limited evidence for selection at the FADS locus in Native American populations. Mol. Biol. Evol. 37, 2029. (10.1093/molbev/msaa064) 32145021 PMC7306688 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Findingcitation

    They also include a variant of EDAR V370A, which was under strong positive selection pressure during the LGM and appears to be an adaptation to vitamin D deficiency (due to low UV radiation) related to nursing infants.

    “They also include a variant of EDAR V370A, which was under strong positive selection pressure during the LGM and appears to be an adaptation to vitamin D deficiency (due to low UV radiation) related to nursing infants [70,79].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [70] Mao X et al. 2021 The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene. Cell 184, 1- 11. (10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.019) 34048699 source
    • cites [79] Hlusko LJ et al. 2018 Environmental selection during the last ice age on the mother-to-infant transmission of vitamin D and fatty acids through breast milk. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, E4426. (10.1073/pnas.1711788115) 29686092 PMC5948952 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisenone given

    The Denisovans are found only in Asia.

    “The Denisovans are found only in Asia.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Although all the Bering-Chukchi Platform falls within the geographical definition of Beringia, the East Siberian Arctic Shelf occupies a larger region outside both original and later expanded definitions of Beringia.

    “Although all the Bering-Chukchi Platform falls within the geographical definition of Beringia, the East Siberian Arctic Shelf occupies a larger region that lies outside both the original and later, expanded definitions of Beringia [4,5]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [4] Sher AV, Kuzmina SA, Kuznetsova TV, Sulerzhitsky LD. 2005 New insights into the Weichselian environment and climate of the East Siberian Arctic, derived from fossil insects, plants, and mammals. Q. Sci. Rev. 24, 533- 569. (10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.09.007) source
    • cites [5] Hopkins DM. 1959 Cenozoic history of the Bering Land Bridge. Science 129, 1519- 1528. (10.1126/science.129.3362.1519) 17742336 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The critical variable for the dry steppe-tundra of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf was the lack of moisture, intensified during intervals of extreme cold (cryo-aridity), as falling sea levels moved the Arctic Ocean coast north and the north Eurasian ice sheet reduced moisture flow from the west.

    “The critical variable was the lack of moisture, intensified during intervals of extreme cold (cryo-aridity), as falling sea levels moved the Arctic Ocean coast hundreds of kilometres north and the north Eurasian ice sheet reduced the flow of moisture from the west [4].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Sher AV, Kuzmina SA, Kuznetsova TV, Sulerzhitsky LD. 2005 New insights into the Weichselian environment and climate of the East Siberian Arctic, derived from fossil insects, plants, and mammals. Q. Sci. Rev. 24, 533- 569. (10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.09.007) source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    There are two areas of exposed continental shelf in the Bering Strait region, both now fully submerged: the Bering-Chukchi Platform and the East Siberian Arctic Shelf.

    “There are two such areas of continental shelf, both of which now are fully submerged.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    As sea level rose above −53 m, the Bering-Chukchi Platform would have been flooded, severing a land connection between Asia and North America.

    “As sea level rose above −53 m, the Bering-Chukchi Platform would have been flooded, severing a land connection between Asia and North America.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Woolly mammoth was especially common and survived on island remnants of both the Great Arctic Plain and southern Bering Land Bridge into the mid Holocene.

    “Woolly mammoth, which enjoyed a wide dietary niche, was especially common and survived on island remnants of both the GAP and southern BLB into the mid Holocene [4,31,36,39].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [4] Sher AV, Kuzmina SA, Kuznetsova TV, Sulerzhitsky LD. 2005 New insights into the Weichselian environment and climate of the East Siberian Arctic, derived from fossil insects, plants, and mammals. Q. Sci. Rev. 24, 533- 569. (10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.09.007) source
    • cites [31] Guthrie RD. 2001 Origin and causes of the mammoth steppe: a story of cloud cover, woolly mammoth tooth pits, buckles, and inside-out Beringia. Q. Sci. Rev. 20, 549- 574. (10.1016/S0277-3791(00)00099-8) source
    • cites [36] Mann DH, Groves P, Reanier RE, Gaglioti BV, Kunz ML, Shapiro B. 2015 Life and extinction of megafauna in the ice-age Arctic. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 14 301- 14 306. (10.1073/pnas.1516573112) 26578776 PMC4655518 source
    • cites [39] Pitulko VV, Pavlova EY, Nikolskiy PA. 2017 Revising the archaeological record of the Upper Pleistocene Arctic Siberia: human dispersal and adaptations in MIS 3 and 2. Quat. Sci. Rev. 165, 127- 148. (10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.04.004) source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    There is uncertainty about the presence of a land connection between Asia and North America and the spatial-temporal dimensions of the ice-free corridor before the LGM.

    “As a result, there is uncertainty about the presence of a land connection between Asia and North America and the spatial-temporal dimensions of the ice-free corridor before the LGM.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The absence of glaciers in the Verkhoyansk Mountains 26.5-19 ka can be explained only by limited moisture supply, underscoring the extreme aridity of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf during the LGM.

    “Because these mountains extend above the Arctic Circle, where they sometimes exceed 1900 m in elevation, the absence of glaciers 26.5–19 ka can be explained only by limited moisture supply, underscoring the extreme aridity of the region (East Siberian Arctic Shelf) during the LGM”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisenone given

    The East Siberian Arctic Shelf extends from the Chukchi Sea to the western shore of the Laptev Sea and the Taimyr Peninsula.

    “The other is the East Siberian Arctic Shelf, which extends from the Chukchi Sea to the western shore of the Laptev Sea and the Taimyr Peninsula (i.e. across the central and eastern Siberian Arctic).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationcitation

    A seasonal resource in the form of migratory waterfowl, attracted to ponds and wetlands on the poorly drained Bering Land Bridge, may have existed.

    “A seasonal resource in the form of migratory waterfowl, attracted to ponds and wetlands on the poorly drained BLB, also may have existed [35]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Hoffecker JF, Elias SA, Potapova O. 2020 Arctic Beringia and Native American origins. PaleoAmerica 6, 158- 168. (10.1080/20555563.2020.1725380) source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The vegetation of the Great Arctic Plain was dominated by forbs, graminoids and willow shrubs, reaching a peak in diversity at the beginning of the LGM (26.5 ka), followed by a marked decrease in diversity during the coldest phases of the LGM.

    “The vegetation was dominated by forbs, graminoids and willow shrubs, reaching a peak in diversity at the beginning of the LGM (26.5 ka), followed by a marked decrease in diversity during the coldest phases of the LGM [38].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Wang Y et al. 2021 Late Quaternary dynamics of arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics. Nature 600, 86- 92. (10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x) 34671161 PMC8636272 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Neanderthal genetics reveal small populations with high inbreeding coefficients, subject to periodic local extinctions.

    “Despite their anatomical and dietary adaptations to northern environments, Neanderthal genetics reveal small populations with high inbreeding coefficients, subject to periodic local extinctions [41,45].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [41] Churchill SE. 2014 Thin on the ground: Neandertal biology, archeology, and ecology. Ames, IA: John Wiley & Sons.
    • cites [45] Sánchez-Quinto F, Lalueza-Fox C. 2014 Almost 20 years of Neanderthal palaeogenetics: adaptation, admixture, diversity, demography, and extinction. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370, 20130374. (10.1098/rstb.2013.0374) PMC4275882 25487326

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    In the Altai region, a 2020 whole-genome analysis from Chagyrskaya Cave indicates an inbred population of less than 60 individuals.

    “In the Altai region, a 2020 whole-genome analysis from Chagyrskaya Cave indicates an inbred population of less than 60 individuals [46].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] Mafessoni F et al. 2020 A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Chagyrskaya Cave. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 15 132- 15 136. (10.1073/pnas.2004944117) PMC7334501 32546518 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The revised sea-level history and reconstruction of the LIS have been disputed, based on both geochronology and climate-stratigraphy, and the issue currently is subject to debate among Quaternary geologists.

    “The revised sea-level history and reconstruction of the LIS have been disputed, based on both geochronology and climate-stratigraphy, and the issue currently is subject to debate among Quaternary geologists [19,20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [19] Miller GH, Andrews JT. 2019 Hudson Bay was not deglaciated during MIS-3. Quat. Sci. Rev. 225, 105944. (10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105944)
    • cites [20] Gowan EJ et al. 2021 A new global ice sheet reconstruction for the past 80 000 years. Nat. Commun. 12, 1199. (10.1038/s41467-021-21469-w) 33623046 PMC7902671 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    The southern Bering-Chukchi Platform (the 'Bering Land Bridge' (BLB)) supported mesic tundra and probably a lower large-mammal biomass.

    “while the southern Bering-Chukchi Platform (‘Bering Land Bridge’ (BLB)) supported mesic tundra and probably a lower large-mammal biomass.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Premisenone given

    An alternative view is that the spatial and temporal pattern of deglaciation after 19 ka controlled the timing and routes of human dispersal in mid-latitude North America and farther south.

    “An alternative view is that the spatial and temporal pattern of deglaciation after 19 ka controlled the timing and routes of human dispersal in mid-latitude North America and farther south.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisereasoning

    Neanderthals inhabited southwest Europe, including during glacial periods, where climates are mild and productivity high, but their distribution in eastern Europe and northern Asia was limited.

    “The Neanderthals inhabited southwest Europe (including during glacial periods) where climates generally are mild and plant and animal productivity are relatively high, but their spatial/temporal distribution in eastern Europe and northern Asia, where climates are more continental and biological productivity lower, was limited.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    The critical variable for modern humans occupying the Arctic and Beringia was their capacity for designing technology of unprecedented structural and functional complexity, including mechanical instruments and devices.

    “The critical variable was the capacity of modern humans for designing technology of unprecedented structural and functional complexity, including mechanical instruments and devices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    The Bering-Chukchi Platform adjoins Chukotka and western Alaska and often is equated with the 'Bering Land Bridge' (BLB).

    “One is the Bering-Chukchi Platform, which adjoins Chukotka and western Alaska and often is equated with the ‘Bering Land Bridge' (BLB).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    The East Siberian Arctic Shelf (the 'Great Arctic Plain' (GAP)) supported a dry steppe-tundra biome inhabited by a diverse large-mammal community.

    “The East Siberian Arctic Shelf (‘Great Arctic Plain’ (GAP)) supported a dry steppe-tundra biome inhabited by a diverse large-mammal community”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    There currently is less uncertainty about sea-level history and glacial chronology for the LGM, although the timing of the coalescence of the LIS and Cordilleran ice sheet remains unclear.

    “There currently is less uncertainty about sea-level history and glacial chronology for the LGM, although the timing of the coalescence of the LIS and Cordilleran ice sheet remains unclear.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The ancestral Native American population migrated from Asia to North America via the Bering Strait region, where large areas of continental shelf were exposed during periods of cold climate by lowered sea level.

    “Palaeogenomics also confirms the thesis that the ancestral Native American population migrated from Asia to North America via the Bering Strait region, where large areas of continental shelf were exposed during periods of cold climate by lowered sea level [1,2].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Willerslev E, Meltzer DJ. 2021 Peopling of the Americas as inferred from ancient genomics. Nature 594, 356- 364. (10.1038/s41586-021-03499-y) 34135521
    • cites [2] Waters MR. 2019 Late Pleistocene exploration and settlement of the Americas by modern humans. Science 365, eaat5447. (10.1126/science.aat5447) 31296740 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    A major decline in the mammoth population occurred at the end of the LGM (ca 20-15 ka), while bison numbers declined sharply in eastern Beringia during the same period.

    “Several researchers report a major decline in the mammoth population at the end of the LGM (ca 20–15 ka), while bison numbers seem to decline sharply in eastern Beringia during the same period [36,40].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [36] Mann DH, Groves P, Reanier RE, Gaglioti BV, Kunz ML, Shapiro B. 2015 Life and extinction of megafauna in the ice-age Arctic. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 14 301- 14 306. (10.1073/pnas.1516573112) 26578776 PMC4655518 source
    • cites [40] Murchie TJ et al. 2021 Collapse of the mammoth-steppe in central Yukon as revealed by ancient environmental DNA. Nat. Commun. 12, 7120. (10.1038/s41467-021-27439-6) 34880234 PMC8654998

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Modern humans in northern Eurasia had a northern diet comparable to that of the Neanderthals, with significant niche overlap, but also a dietary breadth expanded to smaller vertebrates.

    “Stable isotope analyses and zooarchaeology reveal a northern diet comparable to that of the Neanderthals (i.e. significant niche overlap) but also a dietary breadth expanded to smaller vertebrates [57,58]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [57] Wißing C et al. 2019 Stable isotopes reveal patterns of diet and mobility in the last Neandertals and first modern humans in Europe. Sci. Rep. 9, 4433. 30872714 PMC6418202 source
    • cites [58] Drucker DG et al. 2017 Isotopic analyses suggest mammoth and plant in the diet of the oldest anatomically modern humans from far southeast Europe. Sci. Rep. 7, 6833. 28754955 PMC5533724 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Following the Mann et al. model, large mammal populations should have experienced one or more increases during the two brief interstadials.

    “Following the Mann et al. model [36], large mammal populations should have experienced one or more increases during the two brief interstadials.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Mann DH, Groves P, Reanier RE, Gaglioti BV, Kunz ML, Shapiro B. 2015 Life and extinction of megafauna in the ice-age Arctic. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 14 301- 14 306. (10.1073/pnas.1516573112) 26578776 PMC4655518 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Modern humans increased their foraging efficiency and success rate and harvested resources unavailable to Neanderthals and Denisovans in north Eurasian habitats where plant and animal productivity was low.

    “modern humans increased their foraging efficiency and success rate and harvested resources unavailable to the former in north Eurasian habitats where plant and animal productivity was low (especially during cold-climate periods).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [48] Hoffecker JF. 2017 Modern humans: their African origin and global dispersal. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
    • cites [62] Hoffecker JF, Hoffecker IT. 2017 Technological complexity and the global dispersal of modern humans. Evol. Anthropol. 26, 285- 299. (10.1002/evan.21553) 29265666 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationcitation

    Beringia itself may have been abandoned or have witnessed a severe decline in the human population after the GI 5 interstadial, which was followed by an episode of extreme cold climate (HE 3) at ca 30 ka.

    “Beringia itself may have been abandoned or have witnessed a severe decline in the human population after the GI 5 interstadial, which was followed by an episode of extreme cold climate (HE 3) at ca 30 ka [39].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] Pitulko VV, Pavlova EY, Nikolskiy PA. 2017 Revising the archaeological record of the Upper Pleistocene Arctic Siberia: human dispersal and adaptations in MIS 3 and 2. Quat. Sci. Rev. 165, 127- 148. (10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.04.004) source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Global sea levels began to rise gradually after approximately 16 ka, although the Bering Land Bridge (BLB) was not completely flooded until approximately 11 ka.

    “Global sea levels began to rise gradually after approximately 16 ka although the BLB was not completely flooded until approximately 11 ka [91].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [91] Lambeck K, Rouby H, Purcell A, Sun Y, Sambridge M. 2014 Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 15 296- 15 303. (10.1073/pnas.1411762111) 25313072 PMC4217469 source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    The founder population did not retreat into a refugium during the LGM but expanded into an immense arctic plain where extreme climate and lowered sea level promoted steppe-tundra flora and fauna.

    “The founder population did not retreat into a refugium during the LGM but expanded into an immense arctic plain where extreme climate and lowered sea level promoted steppe-tundra flora and fauna.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Early deglaciation of the NW Pacific coast, which began approximately 18 ka, allowed the ANA population to occupy this region from the southern coast of the BLB before 15 ka and subsequently to disperse, from this region, throughout the unglaciated Western Hemisphere.

    “Early deglaciation of the NW Pacific coast, which began approximately 18 ka, allowed the ANA population to occupy this region from the southern coast of the BLB before 15 ka and subsequently to disperse, from this region, throughout the unglaciated Western Hemisphere.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The variation among living First Peoples is more likely to be a product of regional differentiation of populations after their divergence from their source population in Northeast Asia, and not the result of multiple migrations to the Western Hemisphere.

    “We conclude that the variation among living First Peoples is more likely to be a product of regional differentiation of populations after their divergence from their source population in Northeast Asia, and not the result of multiple migrations to the Western Hemisphere [10,11].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] Szathmary EJE. 1993 Genetics of aboriginal North Americans. Evol. Anthropol. 1, 202- 220. (10.1002/evan.1360010606)
    • cites [11] Bonatto SL, Salzano FM. 1997 A single and early migration for the peopling of the Americas supported by mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 94, 1866- 1871. (10.1073/pnas.94.5.1866) 9050871 PMC20009

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    The LGM was a period of sustained cold and glacial re-advance in the Northern Hemisphere that reduced the land area of the Arctic to an arid zone between the North Eurasian and coalesced North American ice sheets.

    “The LGM was a period of sustained cold and glacial re-advance in the Northern Hemisphere that reduced the land area of the Arctic to an arid zone between the North Eurasian and coalesced North American ice sheets (figure 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The interpretation of the Bluefish Caves evidence has been disputed.

    “At Bluefish Caves (northern Yukon), humanly modified mammoth remains and radiocarbon-dated bones with tool cut marks suggest that humans occupied the site during the LGM [89], although their interpretation has been disputed [90].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [90] Krasinski KE, Blong JC. 2020 Unresolved questions about site formation, provenience, and the impact of natural processes on bone at the Bluefish Caves, Yukon Territory. Arctic Anthropol. 57, 1- 21. (10.3368/aa.57.1.1)

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The dating of archaeological sites and human remains in mid-latitude North America shows that the ANA population dispersed rapidly in areas south of the Canadian ice sheets after 15 ka, reaching the southern tip of South America before 13 ka.

    “The dating of archaeological sites and human remains in mid-latitude North America shows that the ANA population dispersed rapidly in areas south of the Canadian ice sheets after 15 ka, reaching the southern tip of South America before 13 ka [2].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Waters MR. 2019 Late Pleistocene exploration and settlement of the Americas by modern humans. Science 365, eaat5447. (10.1126/science.aat5447) 31296740 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Dietary sources of vitamin D may have disappeared altogether at this time.

    “The large-mammal biomass most likely decreased significantly at this time (and dietary sources of vitamin D may have disappeared altogether) due to increased aridity and reduced primary productivity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    During or after the LGM, the population spread into a less productive subarctic environment and eventually developed a northern coastal economy, which facilitated further expansion into the NW Pacific and massive population growth and dispersal during the final interstadial of the Pleistocene.

    “During or after the LGM, the population spread into a less productive subarctic environment and eventually developed a northern coastal economy, which facilitated further expansion into the NW Pacific and massive population growth and dispersal during the final interstadial of the Pleistocene.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    An ice-free corridor between the two ice sheets was present before the LGM and may have allowed limited movement of people in the arctic or interior regions of Beringia to mid-latitude North America.

    “An ice-free corridor between the two ice sheets was present before the LGM and may have allowed limited movement of people in the arctic or interior regions of Beringia to mid-latitude North America.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
47 of 47

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Beringian environments represented a potential refugium—not an ecological barrier—for ancestral First Peoples before their dispersal throughout the Western Hemisphere about 15 ka.

    “The standstill model rested on the assumption that Beringian environments represented a potential refugium—not an ecological barrier—for ancestral First Peoples before their dispersal throughout the Western Hemisphere about 15 ka [14,15].”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Neanderthal caloric demands were high, based on their body mass and climate setting.

    “It may be assumed that their caloric demands were high, based on their body mass and climate setting.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Modern humans in northern Eurasia were hampered by an anatomical pattern better suited to the tropics.

    “Modern humans were an invasive species in northern Eurasia, hampered by an anatomical pattern better suited to the tropics.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Modern humans drove the local Neanderthal and Denisovan populations to extinction within a few thousand years.

    “They nevertheless drove the local Neanderthal and Denisovan populations to extinction within a few thousand years, and occupied habitats and climate zones beyond the range of their predecessors.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Modern humans occupied habitats and climate zones beyond the range of their predecessors.

    “They nevertheless drove the local Neanderthal and Denisovan populations to extinction within a few thousand years, and occupied habitats and climate zones beyond the range of their predecessors.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Large mammal resources were available on the exposed East Siberian Arctic Shelf during warm interstadials of 45–35 ka.

    “the large mammal resources available on the exposed East Siberian Arctic Shelf during warm interstadials of this period”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Yana River sites are tied to exploitation of the GAP.

    “The Yana River sites are tied to exploitation of the GAP”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Indirect evidence for snaring/trapping small mammals is reported from the East European Plain greater than 40 ka.

    “Indirect evidence for snaring/trapping small mammals is reported from the East European Plain greater than 40 ka”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Traces of mechanical rotary drills (which suggest fire-making technology) are found in both Eastern Europe (Kostenki) and southwest Siberia (Denisova Cave) in this time range.

    “traces of mechanical rotary drills (which suggest fire-making technology) are found in both Eastern Europe (Kostenki) and southwest Siberia (Denisova Cave) in this time range”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Any LGM human inhabitants of the GAP would have ranged widely across this environment, including areas that lie within conventional definitions of Beringia.

    “We assume that any LGM human inhabitants of the GAP would have ranged widely across this environment, including areas that lie within conventional definitions of Beringia.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Conditions for human occupation were most favourable during the brief GI 2 interstadial approximately 24 ka.

    “We also assume, following the Mann et al. [36] model, that conditions for human occupation were most favourable during the brief GI 2 interstadial approximately 24 ka.”
11 of 11

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conflicting start dates for Heinrich Event 1

    Minor

    The paper first dates HE 1 to 15.7-14.5 ka, but later says it began approximately 17 ka. The stated start dates differ by about 1,300 years.

1 of 1

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Colinvaux PA. 1967 Quaternary vegetational history of arctic Alaska. In The Bering Land Bridge (ed. DM Hopkins), pp. 207-231. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  2. Derevianko AP, Shunkov MV, Markin SV. 2014 Dinamika paleoliticheskikh industrii v Afrike i Evrazii v pozdnem pleistotsene i problema formirovaniya Homo sapiens. Novosibirsk, Russia: SB RAS Press.
  3. Stepanchuk VN et al. 2004 Bogatosharova stoyanka Mira na Sredn'omu Dnipri: osnoni rezul'tati razkopok 2000 roku pp. 62-98. Kiev, Ukraine: Kam'yana doba Ukraini.
  4. Stepanov AD et al. 2003 Peshchera Khaiyrgas na srednei Lene (rezultaty issledovanyi 1998–1999 gg.). In Drevnie kultury severo-vostochnoi Azii. Astroarkheologiya. Paleoinformatika (ed. AN Alekseev), pp. 98-113. Novosibirsk, Russia: "Nauka".

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Related

Metadata

Authors
Hoffecker, J. F., Elias, S. A., Scott, G. R., O'Rourke, D. H., Hlusko, L. J., Potapova, O., Pitulko, V., Pavlova, E., Bourgeon, L., & Vachula, R. S.
Affiliations
  • University of Kansas (US)
  • Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (US)
  • University of Nevada, Reno (US)
  • Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, 622 Fraser Hall, 1415 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
  • Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana (ES)
  • Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Sakha (RU)
  • Institute of the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, Dvortsovaya nab., 18, 191186 St Petersburg, Russia
  • Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (RU)
  • Auburn University (US)
Corresponding author
Hoffecker, John F.
ORCID
Venue
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Publisher
The Royal Society
Published
2023-01-11
Volume
290
Issue
1990
Pages
20222246-20222246
ISSN
  • 0080-4649 (ISSN-L)
  • 0962-8452
  • 1471-2954
DOI
10.1098/rspb.2022.2246
PMC
PMC9832545
OpenAlex
W4315574243
Cited by
17
References
93
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5
FWCI
1.03
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • KU ScholarWorks (University of Kansas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Russian Science Foundation (projects 16-18-10265 and 21-18-00457)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Indigenous Studies and Ecology
Keywords
Beringia, peopling of the Americas, Bering Land Bridge, Last Glacial Maximum, ice-free corridor, human dispersal, First Peoples, tundra biome, continental shelf, marine economy
MeSH terms
Americas, Animals, Arctic Regions, Humans, Mammals, North America

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

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