Late Pleistocene exploration and settlement of the Americas by modern humans

Waters, Michael R.

doi:10.1126/science.aat5447

Cited by 183Pleistocene-Era Hominins and ArchaeologyForensic and Genetic ResearchArchaeology and ancient environmental studies

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Late Pleistocene exploration and settlement of the Americas by modern humans

Waters, Michael R.·2019·Science

DOI 10.1126/science.aat5447

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Abstract

North and South America were the last continents to be explored and settled by modern humans at the end of the Pleistocene. Genetic data, derived from contemporary populations and ancient individuals, show that the first Americans originated from Asia and after several population splits moved south of the continental ice sheets that covered Canada sometime between ~17.5 and ~14.6 thousand years (ka) ago. Archaeological evidence shows that geographically dispersed populations lived successfully, using biface, blade, and osseous technologies, in multiple places in North and South America between ~15.5 and ~14 ka ago. Regional archaeological complexes emerged by at least ~13 ka ago in North America and ~12.9 ka ago in South America. Current genetic and archaeological data do not support an earlier (pre–17.5 ka ago) occupation of the Americas.

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The rapid dispersal of First Peoples in mid-latitude North America began before 14.5 ka, based on a group of reliably dated archaeological sites in mid-latitude North America.
“The late dating of the post-LGM ice-free corridor indicates that the rapid dispersal of First Peoples in mid-latitude North America that began before 14.5 ka (based on a group of reliably dated archaeological sites in mid-latitude North America) probably began on the NW Pacific coast, which was largely deglaciated at this time [2,24,25].”
From Beringia and the peopling of the Western Hemisphere (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The archaeological sites used to date the rapid dispersal of First Peoples in mid-latitude North America before 14.5 ka are reliably dated.
“based on a group of reliably dated archaeological sites in mid-latitude North America”
From Beringia and the peopling of the Western Hemisphere (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The ancestral Native American population migrated from Asia to North America via the Bering Strait region, where large areas of continental shelf were exposed during periods of cold climate by lowered sea level.
“Palaeogenomics also confirms the thesis that the ancestral Native American population migrated from Asia to North America via the Bering Strait region, where large areas of continental shelf were exposed during periods of cold climate by lowered sea level [1,2].”
From Beringia and the peopling of the Western Hemisphere (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The Indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere are derived from a population in Northern Asia.
“Recent palaeogenomics research has confirmed the hypothesis, proposed more than two centuries ago, that the Indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere are derived from a population in Northern Asia.”
From Beringia and the peopling of the Western Hemisphere (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The dating of archaeological sites and human remains in mid-latitude North America shows that the ANA population dispersed rapidly in areas south of the Canadian ice sheets after 15 ka, reaching the southern tip of South America before 13 ka.
“The dating of archaeological sites and human remains in mid-latitude North America shows that the ANA population dispersed rapidly in areas south of the Canadian ice sheets after 15 ka, reaching the southern tip of South America before 13 ka [2].”
From Beringia and the peopling of the Western Hemisphere (2023) · cites this paper as [2]

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Politis, G. G., & Prates, L. (2018) · CONICET Digital (CONICET) · Cited by 18
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The Nottoway River Survey Part Ii: Cactus Hill and Other Excavated Sites
Boyd, C. (2016) · Southeastern Archaeology · Cited by 1

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Research works printed but not linked: 17

M. R. Waters T. W. Stafford Jr. “The first Americans: a review of the evidence for the Late-Pleistocene peopling of the Americas” in Paleoamerican Odyssey K. E. Graf C. V. Ketron M. R. Waters Eds. (Texas A&M Univ. Press 2014) pp. 541–560.
G. Haynes The Early Settlement of North America (Cambridge Univ. Press 2002).
H. L. Smith J. T. Rasic T. Goebel “Biface traditions of northern Alaska and their role in the peopling of the Americas” in Paleoamerican Odyssey K. E. Graf C. V. Ketron M. R. Waters Eds. (Texas A&M Univ. Press 2014) pp. 105–123.
D. Froese, J. M. Young, S. L. Norris, M. Margold, Availability and viability of the Ice-Free corridor and Pacific Coast routes for the peopling of the Americas. SAA Archaeol. Rec. 19, 27–33 (2019).
J. R. Johnson T. W. Stafford Jr. H. O. Ajie D. P. Morris “Arlington Springs revisited” in Proceedings of the Fifth California Islands Symposium D. Browne K. Mitchell H. Chaney Eds. (Department of the Interior Pacific OCS Region 1999) pp. 541–544.
D. F. Overstreet “Late-glacial ice-marginal adaptation in southeastern Wisconsin” in Paleoamerican Origins: Beyond Clovis R. Bonnichsen B. T. Lepper D. Stanford M. R. Waters Eds. (Texas A&M Univ. Press 2005) pp. 183–195.
D. J. Joyce “Pre-Clovis megafauna butchery sites in the western Great Lakes region USA” in Paleoamerican Odyssey K. E. Graf C. V. Ketron M. R. Waters Eds. (Texas A&M Univ. Press 2014) pp. 467–483.
D. L. Jenkins et al . “Geochronology archaeological context and DNA at the Paisley Caves” in Paleoamerican Odyssey K. E. Graf C. V. Ketron M. R. Waters Eds. (Texas A&M Univ. Press 2014) pp. 485–510.
T. D. Dillehay Ed. Where the Land Meets the Sea (Univ. of Texas Press 2017).
S. J. Fiedel “Is that all there is? The weak case for pre-Clovis occupation in eastern North America” in In the Eastern Fluted Point Tradition J. A. M. Gingerich Ed. (Univ. of Utah Press 2013) pp. 333–354.
J. M. Adovasio D. R. Pedler “Pre-Clovis sites and their implications for human occupation before the Last Glacial Maximum” in Entering America: Northeast Asia and Beringia Before the Last Glacial Maximum D. M. Madsen Ed. (Univ. of Utah Press 2004) pp. 139–158.
G. Acosta-Ochoa P. Pérez-Martínex X. Ulloa-Montemayor “The Clovis-like and Fishtail occupations of southern Mexico and Central America” in People & Culture in Ice Age Americas R. Suárez C. F. Ardelean Eds. (Univ. of Utah Press 2019) pp. 93–107.
C. Beck G. T. Jones “Complexities of the colonization process: a view from the North American West” in Paleoamerican Odyssey K. E. Graf C. V. Ketron M. R. Waters Eds. (Texas A&M Univ. Press 2014) pp. 273–291.
L. G. Davis S. C. Willis S. J. Macfarlan “Lithic technology cultural transmission and the nature of the Far Western Paleoarchaic/Paleoindian co-tradition” in Meeting at the Margins D. Rhode Ed. (Univ. of Utah Press 2012) pp. 47–64.
T. Goebel J. L. Keene “Are Great Basin stemmed points as old as Clovis in the Intermountain West?” in Archaeology in the Great Basin and Southwest N. J. Parezo J. C. Janetski Eds. (Univ. of Utah Press 2014) pp. 35–60.
S. R. Holen K. Holen “The Mammoth Steppe hypothesis: The Middle Wisconsin (Oxygen Isotope Stage 3) peopling of North America” in Paleoamerican Odyssey K. E. Graf C. V. Ketron M. R. Waters Eds. (Texas A&M Univ. Press 2014) pp. 429–444.
M. R. Waters, Early exploration and settlement of North America during the Late Pleistocene. SAA Archaeol. Rec. 19, 34–39 (2019).

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Authors: Waters, M. R.
Affiliations: Texas A&M University (US)
Corresponding author: Waters, Michael R.
ORCID: Waters, Michael R.
Venue: Science
Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published: 2019-07-12
Volume: 365
Issue: 6449
ISSN: 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.aat5447
OpenAlex: W2957682565
Cited by: 176
References: 83
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 5
FWCI: 5.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Science (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Anthropology › Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Forensic and Genetic Research
Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
Keywords: human migration to the Americas, Late Pleistocene, Bering Strait crossing, Bering Land Bridge, population divergence, prehistoric archaeology, lithic technology, genetic evidence
MeSH terms: Anthropology, Archaeology, Asia, Emigration and Immigration, Humans, Indians, North American, North America, Siberia, South America, History, Ancient, Gene Flow

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Late Pleistocene exploration and settlement of the Americas by modern humans

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