Is mindfulness research methodology improving over time? A systematic review

Goldberg, Simon B.; Tucker, Raymond P.; Greene, Preston A.; Simpson, Tracy L.; Kearney, David J.; Davidson, Richard J.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187298

Cited by 125Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsMeta-analysis and systematic reviewsPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

Is mindfulness research methodology improving over time? A systematic review

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Goldberg, Simon B., Tucker, Raymond P., Greene, Preston A., Simpson, Tracy L., Kearney, David J., Davidson, Richard J.·2017·PLOS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0187298PMC PMC5663486

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Despite an exponential growth in research on mindfulness-based interventions, the body of scientific evidence supporting these treatments has been criticized for being of poor methodological quality. OBJECTIVES: The current systematic review examined the extent to which mindfulness research demonstrated increased rigor over the past 16 years regarding six methodological features that have been highlighted as areas for improvement. These feature included using active control conditions, larger sample sizes, longer follow-up assessment, treatment fidelity assessment, and reporting of instructor training and intent-to-treat (ITT) analyses. DATA SOURCES: We searched PubMed, PsychInfo, Scopus, and Web of Science in addition to a publically available repository of mindfulness studies. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Randomized clinical trials of mindfulness-based interventions for samples with a clinical disorder or elevated symptoms of a clinical disorder listed on the American Psychological Association's list of disorders with recognized evidence-based treatment. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: Independent raters screened 9,067 titles and abstracts, with 303 full text reviews. Of these, 171 were included, representing 142 non-overlapping samples. RESULTS: Across the 142 studies published between 2000 and 2016, there was no evidence for increases in any study quality indicator, although changes were generally in the direction of improved quality. When restricting the sample to those conducted in Europe and North America (continents with the longest history of scientific research in this area), an increase in reporting of ITT analyses was found. When excluding an early, high-quality study, improvements were seen in sample size, treatment fidelity assessment, and reporting of ITT analyses. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS: Taken together, the findings suggest modest adoption of the recommendations for methodological improvement voiced repeatedly in the literature. Possible explanations for this and implications for interpreting this body of research and conducting future studies are discussed.

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Mindfulness-Based Interventions are effective for depression, grief, and pain conditions, smoking, and other addictions.
“a systematic review published by Goldberg et al. (2017), corroborated that Mindfulness-Based Interventions (or MBI) are effective for depression, grief, and pain conditions, smoking, and other addictions.”
From A Self-Applied Multi-Component Psychological Online Intervention Based on UX, for the Prevention of Complicated Grief Disorder in the Mexican Population During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Protocol of a Randomized Clinical Trial (2021) · cites this paper as Goldberg et al., 2017
The Introduction says mindfulness-based interventions have shown beneficial effects across a variety of outcomes and identifies interventions targeting depression, smoking, chronic pain, and opiate misuse. It does not mention grief, and identifying an intervention as tested for a condition does not establish effectiveness for each condition listed. The review focuses on research methodology rather than corroborating that full condition-specific claim. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
There have been several calls to improve the quality of mindfulness research, and of behavioural interventions research generally, with only modest improvement over time.
“There have been several calls to improve the quality of mindfulness research, and of behavioural interventions research generally, with only modest improvement over time [39,285–287].”
From Mindfulness-based programmes for mental health promotion in adults in nonclinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [39]

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Enhancing Rigor in Quantitative Meta-Analyses for Mindfulness Research: A Comprehensive Guide
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Authors: Goldberg, S. B., Tucker, R. P., Greene, P. A., Simpson, T. L., Kearney, D. J., & Davidson, R. J.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Louisiana State University (US)
VA Puget Sound Health Care System (US)
Corresponding author: Goldberg, Simon B.
ORCID: Goldberg, Simon B.
Tucker, Raymond P.
Greene, Preston A.
Simpson, Tracy L.
Kearney, David J.
Davidson, Richard J.
Venue: PLOS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2017-10-31
Volume: 12
Issue: 10
Pages: e0187298
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187298
PMC: PMC5663486
OpenAlex: W2766462050
Cited by: 125
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 1.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: public-domain
creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (vor)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, public-domain)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (P01AT004952)
Mind and Life Institute (Varela Award)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords: mindfulness-based interventions, methodological quality, active control, sample size, follow-up evaluation, intervention fidelity, intention-to-treat analysis, instructor training, reporting quality, clinical disorders, evidence-based treatment
MeSH terms: Humans, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Mindfulness

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