Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in a population sample in the northern Spain
Open accessAbstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus reached Spain in March 2020, and a nationwide state of alert was declared on March 14th, leading to the confinement of the entire population. The current study was conducted in the Basque Autonomous Community in northern Spain. The authors analyzed stress, anxiety, and depression with the arrival of the virus and the levels of symptoms according to age, comorbidity, and confinement. Levels of anxiety, stress, and depression were measured in a sample of 976 adults, using the DASS scale (Depression Anxiety, and Stress Scale). Although levels of symptoms were generally low at the start of the alert, younger individuals with chronic diseases reported more symptoms than the rest of the population. The study also detected higher levels of symptoms after the stay-at-home order was issued. Such symptoms are predicted to increase as the confinement continues. The authors propose psychological interventions for prevention and treatment in order to mitigate the pandemic's psychological impacts.
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- Authors
- Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Dosil-Santamaria, M., Picaza-Gorrochategui, M., & Idoiaga-Mondragon, N.
- Affiliations
- University of the Basque Country (ES)
- Venue
- SciELO journals
- Publisher
- SciELO journals
- Published
- 2021
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e00054020-e00054020
- OpenAlex
- W3022920357
- Cited by
- 575
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 7 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 146 · 2021: 222 · 2020: 121
- FWCI
- 76.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- Locations
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, psychological stress, anxiety, depression, lockdown, stay-at-home orders, age differences, comorbidities, chronic disease, Basque Country, psychological intervention, mental health during pandemic
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Disease Outbreaks, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Quarantine, Spain, Stress, Psychological, Comorbidity, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
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