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Cited by 154Trace Elements in HealthHeavy Metal Exposure and ToxicityAutism Spectrum Disorder Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Analyses of Toxic Metals and Essential Minerals in the Hair of Arizona Children with Autism and Associated Conditions, and Their Mothers

Adams, J. B., Holloway, C. E., George, F., Quig, D.·2006·Biological Trace Element Research
DOI 10.1385/bter:110:3:193
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Abstract

The objective of this study was to assess the levels of 39 toxic metals and essential minerals in hair samples of children with autism spectrum disorders and their mothers compared to controls. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the elemental content of the hair of children with autism spectrum disorders (n=51), a subset of their mothers (n=29), neurotypical children (n=40), and a subset of their mothers (n=25). All participants were recruited from Arizona. Iodine levels were 45% lower in the children with autism (p=0.005). Autistic children with pica had a 38% lower level of chromium (p=0.002). Autistic children with low muscle tone had very low levels of potassium (-66%, p=0.01) and high zinc (31%, p=0.01). The mothers of young children with autism had especially low levels of lithium (56% lower, p=0.005), and the young children (ages 3-6 yr) with autism also had low lithium (-30%, p=0.04). Low iodine levels are consistent with previous reports of abnormal thyroid function, which likely affected development of speech and cognitive skills. Low lithium in the mothers likely caused low levels of lithium in the young children, which could have affected their neurological and immunological development. Further investigations of iodine, lithium, and other elements are warranted.

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Crossref · 10.1385/bter:110:3:193

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23 of 23 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • GI disorders such as intestinal pain, constipation, and diarrhea are often associated with an altered composition of the gut microbiota.

    “GI disorders such as intestinal pain, constipation and diarrhea are often associated with an altered composition of the gut microbiota [28,132,140,141,142].”

    From Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [132]

  • In studies on 140-170 children with ASD, 24-63% had a history of at least one GI symptom, including diarrhea or unformed stools, constipation, bloating, and/or gastroesophageal reflux.

    “In the literature, we have found in-depth studies on 140–170 children with ASD, of which 24–63% had a history of at least one GI symptom, including: diarrhea or unformed stools, constipation, bloating, and/or gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) [31,125,131,132].”

    From Autism, Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Nutritional Interventions (2019) · cites this paper as [132]

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Metadata

Authors
Adams, J. B., Holloway, C. E., George, F., & Quig, D.
Affiliations
Arizona State University (US)
ORCID
Adams, J. B.
Venue
Biological Trace Element Research
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2006
Volume
110
Issue
3
Pages
193-210
ISSN
0163-4984 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1385/bter:110:3:193
OpenAlex
W2150186622
Cited by
154
References
23
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 8
FWCI
3.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Biological Trace Element Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, toxic metals, essential minerals, hair analysis, iodine deficiency, lithium deficiency, pica, chromium, zinc, potassium, maternal hair, children, Arizona
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Arizona, Autistic Disorder, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Hair, Humans, Metals, Minerals, Mothers, Case-Control Studies

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