Isoflurane impairs low-frequency feedback but leaves high-frequency feedforward connectivity intact in the fly brain
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Hierarchically organized brains communicate through feedforward (FF) and feedback (FB) pathways. In mammals, FF and FB are mediated by higher and lower frequencies during wakefulness. FB is preferentially impaired by general anesthetics in multiple mammalian species. This suggests FB serves critical functions in waking brains. The brain of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) is also hierarchically organized, but the presence of FB in these brains is not established. Here, we studied FB in the fly brain, by simultaneously recording local field potentials (LFPs) from low-order peripheral structures and higher-order central structures. We analyzed the data using Granger causality (GC), the first application of this analysis technique to recordings from the insect brain. Our analysis revealed that low frequencies (0.1–5 Hz) mediated FB from the center to the periphery, while higher frequencies (10–45 Hz) mediated FF in the opposite direction. Further, isoflurane anesthesia preferentially reduced FB. Our results imply that the spectral characteristics of FF and FB may be a signature of hierarchically organized brains that is conserved from insects to mammals. We speculate that general anesthetics may induce unresponsiveness across species by targeting the mechanisms that support FB.
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In Drosophila, feedforward connectivity from lower-order to higher-order structures is associated with faster frequencies, while feedback connectivity from higher-order to lower-order is associated with slower frequencies.
“As in mammalian brain systems, there were faster frequencies associated with feedforward directed connectivity (from lower-order to higher-order) and slower frequencies associated with feedback directed connectivity (from higher-order to lower-order).”
From The Biology of General Anesthesia from Paramecium to Primate (2019) · cites this paper as [156]
In Drosophila, general anesthesia selectively suppresses feedback connectivity.
“there was a selective suppression of feedback connectivity during general anesthesia.”
From The Biology of General Anesthesia from Paramecium to Primate (2019) · cites this paper as [156]
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Self-citationKawashima, Y., Li, R., Chen, S. C., Vickery, R. M., Morley, J. W., & Tsuchiya, N. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240147 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationWhole-Brain Calcium Imaging inDrosophiladuring Sleep and WakePreprint
Heap, L. A., Troup, M., Poll, M. N. V. D., & van Swinderen, B. (2023) · Cold Spring Harbor Protocols · doi:10.1101/pdb.prot108419 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Leung, A., mahmoud, A., Jeans, R., Fulcher, B., van Swinderen, B., & Tsuchiya, N. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rmsv8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationState-dependent, frequency-specific modulation of electrocortical traveling waves by anesthesiaPreprint
Li, D., & Hudetz, A. G. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.08.11.744271
- Authors
- Cohen, D., van Swinderen, B., & Tsuchiya, N.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Cohen, Dror
- Tsuchiya, Naotsugu
- Venue
- eneuro
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- ENEURO.0329-17.2018
- ISSN
- 2373-2822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5846228
- OpenAlex
- W2789252645
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 1.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- eNeuro (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (FT120100619, DP130100194)
- Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1103923)
- John Templeton Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Keywords
- isoflurane anesthesia, feedback connectivity, feedforward connectivity, Drosophila melanogaster, Granger causality, local field potentials, hierarchical brain organization, general anesthetics, insect brain
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Drosophila melanogaster, Female, Isoflurane, Microelectrodes, Neural Pathways, Neurons, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Anesthetics, Inhalation, Feedback, Physiological
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