Better Safe Than Sorry? The Safety Margin Surrounding the Body Is Increased by Anxiety
Open accessAbstract
The defensive peripersonal space represents a "safety margin" advantageous for survival. Its spatial extension and the possible relationship with personality traits have never been investigated. Here, in a population of 15 healthy human participants, we show that the defensive peripersonal space has a sharp boundary, located between 20 and 40 cm from the face, and that within such space there is a thin, "highest-risk area" closest to the face (i.e., an "ultra-near" defensive space). Single-subject analysis revealed clear interindividual differences in the extension of such peripersonal space. These differences are positively related to individual variability in trait anxiety. These findings point to the potential for measuring a range of defensive behaviors in relation to individual levels of anxiety. Such measures will allow developing procedures to test risk assessment abilities, particularly in professions that require reacting quickly to aversive stimuli near the body, such as firemen, policemen, and military officers. This may also lead to possible interventions to improve their performance under pressure.
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Both PPS and PS depend on the subjects' personality traits, for example anxiety level.
“Both depend on the subjects' personality traits, for example anxiety level”
From The Peripersonal Space in a social world (2021) · cites this paper as Sambo & Iannetti, 2013
The ‘Correlation between size of the DPPS and personality traits’ section reports that higher trait anxiety predicted a larger defensive peripersonal space. The paper does not establish the same relationship for personal space (PS), so it supports the claim for PPS only. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPersonality traits (anxiety, claustrophobia) contribute to defining one's own PPS representation.
“In addition, accumulating evidence suggest that personality traits (anxiety, claustrophobia) also contribute defining one's own PPS representation and personality traits are highly related to our inner state and responses to stressful situations (Iachini, Ruggiero, et al., 2015;Lourenco, Longo, & Pathman, 2011;Sambo & Iannetti, 2013) see also (Lebert, Chaby, Garnot, & Vergilino-Perez, 2020).”
From The Peripersonal Space in a social world (2021) · cites this paper as Sambo & Iannetti, 2013
The Discussion (J. Neurosci., pp. 14225–14230) says that differences in defensive peripersonal-space size relate to trait anxiety, but not claustrophobic fear. The paper therefore supports the anxiety part of the claim, not the implication that both traits contribute to the representation it measured. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEmotional states such as anxiety, or trait psychological factors such as personality traits, can influence the boundaries of PPS representation.
“emotional states, such as anxiety, or trait psychological factors, such as personality traits, can influence the boundaries of PPS representation (Sambo and Iannetti 2013a; Fossataro et al. 2016; Hunley et al. 2017; Spaccasassi and Maravita 2020; Ellena et al. 2022)”
From Neuroanatomical correlates of peripersonal space: bridging the gap between perception, action, emotion and social cognition (2024) · cites this paper as Sambo and Iannetti 2013a
The Results section, “Correlation between size of the DPPS and personality traits” (article pp. 14225–14230), finds that higher trait anxiety predicts a larger defensive peripersonal space around the face. The paper supports the trait-factor part of the claim, but does not establish that a temporary emotional state of anxiety changes PPS boundaries or that personality traits generally do so; claustrophobic fear was not a significant predictor. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIndividuals with trait anxiety have expanded peripersonal space.
“evidence of expanded PPS in individuals with trait anxiety (Sambo and Iannetti 2013b)”
From Neuroanatomical correlates of peripersonal space: bridging the gap between perception, action, emotion and social cognition (2024) · cites this paper as Sambo and Iannetti 2013b
The ‘Correlation between size of the DPPS and personality traits’ section (p. 14228) reports that higher trait-anxiety scores corresponded to a larger peripersonal space. The study measured defensive peripersonal space surrounding the face in 15 healthy participants, however, so it does not establish expansion of peripersonal space generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“…such, it is not surprising that emotional states, such as anxiety, or trait psychological factors, such as personality traits, can influence the boundaries of PPS representation (Sambo and Iannetti 2013a; Fossataro et al. 2016; Hunley et al. 2017; Spaccasassi and Maravita 2020; Ellena et al. 2022).”
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Yilmaz, N. G., Lee, P. J., Imran, M. A., & Jeong, J.-H. (2023) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2023.104394 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
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Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology of Nociception and Pain
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Testosterone administration in women increases the size of their peripersonal space
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Dissociative Model in Patients With Resistant Schizophrenia
Panov, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.845493 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Bretin, R., Khamis, M., & Cross, E. S. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42283-6_29 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Pain outside the body: defensive peripersonal space deformation in trigeminal neuralgia
Bufacchi, R. J., Sambo, C. F., Stefano, G. D., Cruccu, G., & Iannetti, G. D. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12466-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationAnisotropy of lateral peripersonal space is linked to handedness
Hobeika, L., Viaud‐Delmon, I., & Taffou, M. (2017) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-017-5158-2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Anxiety-dependent modulation of motor responses to pain expectancy
Fossataro, C., Bucchioni, G., D’Agata, F., Bruno, V., Morese, R., Krystkowiak, P. C., & Garbarini, F. (2018) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx146 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Multisensory Perception and the Coding of Space
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Schizophrenia and the bodily self
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Peripersonal space is diversely sensitive to a temporary vs permanent state of anxiety
Spaccasassi, C., & Maravita, A. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.104133 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Simulated proximity enhances perceptual and physiological responses to emotional facial expressions
Bogdanova, O. V., Bogdanov, V. B., Miller, L. E., & Hadj‐Bouziane, F. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03587-z · Cited by 19 · see citing works
A Virtual Reality Study of the Relationships Between Hoarding, Clutter, and Claustrophobia
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Defensive peripersonal space is modified by a learnt protective posture
Biggio, M., Bisio, A., Ruggeri, P., & Bove, M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43258-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Fossataro, C., Tieri, G., Grollero, D., Bruno, V., & Garbarini, F. (2019) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14601 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Self-citationMy social comfort zone: Attachment anxiety shapes peripersonal and interpersonal space
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Sensorimotor and social aspects of peripersonal space
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Acute stress affects peripersonal space representation in cortisol stress responders
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The role of early attachment experiences in modulating defensive peripersonal space
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Lower limb peripersonal space and the desire to amputate a leg
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Space for power: feeling powerful over others’ behavior affects peri-personal space representation
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Transcutaneous trigeminal nerve stimulation modulates the hand blink reflex
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Peripersonal space: why so last-second?
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Egocentric value maps of the near-body environment
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Self-citationVisuo-tactile predictive mechanisms of peripersonal space
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Scale for time and space experience in anxiety (STEA): Phenomenology and its clinical relevance
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- Authors
- Sambo, C. F., & Iannetti, G. D.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- ORCID
- Iannetti, G. D.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2013-08-28
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 35
- Pages
- 14225-14230
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6618504
- OpenAlex
- W2043486810
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 7.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Keywords
- safety margin, trait anxiety, individual differences, risk assessment, occupational safety, defensive behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Female, Humans, Male, Personal Space, Reaction Time
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