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Dendritic spines of CA 1 pyramidal cells in the rat hippocampus: serial electron microscopy with reference to their biophysical characteristics

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Harris, KM, Stevens, JK·1989·The Journal of Neuroscience

Abstract

Serial electron microscopy and 3-D reconstructions of dendritic spines from hippocampal area CA 1 dendrites were obtained to evaluate 2 questions about relationships between spine geometry and synaptic efficacy. First, under what biophysical conditions are the spine necks likely to reduce the magnitude of charge transferred from the synapses on the spine heads to the recipient dendrite? Simulation software provided by Charles Wilson (1984) was used to determine that if synaptic conductance is 1 nS or less, only 1% of the hippocampal spine necks are sufficiently thin and long to reduce charge transfer by more than 10%. If synaptic conductance approaches 5 nS, however, 33% of the hippocampal spine necks are sufficiently thin and long to reduce charge transfer by more than 10%. Second, is spine geometry associated with other anatomical indicators of synaptic efficacy, including the area of the postsynaptic density and the number of vesicles in the presynaptic axon? Reconstructed spines were graphically edited into head and neck compartments, and their dimensions were measured, the areas of the postsynaptic densities (PSD) were measured, and all of the vesicles in the presynaptic axonal varicosities were counted. The dimensions of the spine head were well correlated with the area of PSD and the number of vesicles in the presynaptic axonal varicosity. Spine neck diameter and length were not correlated with PSD area, head volume, or the number of vesicles. These results suggest that the dimensions of the spine head, but not the spine neck, reflect differences in synaptic efficacy. We suggest that the constricted necks of hippocampal dendritic spines might reduce diffusion of activated molecules to neighboring synapses, thereby attributing specificity to activated or potentiated synapses.

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Crossref · 10.1523/jneurosci.09-08-02982.1989

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Figures

1 dendritic segments located 200–250 μm into stratum radiatum of area CA1. The photographic series number is located at the base of eann t e bn s i t e l s t l s l ds s here Figure 1. 3-D reconstructions of the 7 hippocampal with thē 2 branches overlāpping (br 1 and br 2).
1 dendritic segments located 200–250 μm into stratum radiatum of area CA1. The photographic series number is located at the base of eann t e bn s i t e l s t l s l ds s here Figure 1. 3-D reconstructions of the 7 hippocampal with thē 2 branches overlāpping (br 1 and br 2).CC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF
Figure 2 A, Stubby dendritic spine (#20) from series 21 (arrow). The synaptic PSD and a single cistern of SER are identified. The origin of spine #8 is indicated, also by an arrow. Also shown (white circle) is the "gray" wall of the head of spine #7 (open arrow) from the same series. This gray wall overlaps part of the neck of spine 8, illustrating the difficulty sometimes encountered in identifying the spine surfaces. B, Average thin spine (#5), also from series 21, with the PSD indicated by a small arrow. C, Spine 4 of series 21 with a small tube of SER in the spine origin that is connected in adjacent sections to the spine apparatus (SER) of the large head. The synapse is perforated in subsequent sections and has 2 spinules (see the reconstruction in Fig. 3D below). Its axonal varicosity is shared with a similar spine from a different dendrite (star). D, Spinule (large arrow) within the perforated synapse (medium arrows) of spine 11 from series 24. E, Two thin necks of spines #10 and #11 from series 21 (see reconstructions in Fig. 3E below). A double-walled (dw) vesicle is present at the neck of spine 10 and is engulfed by a neighboring axon which forms its synapse at a different spine that has a perforated PSD (star). A single cistern of SER is indicated in spine 11. Calibration bar in E for AE is1 μm.
Figure 2 A, Stubby dendritic spine (#20) from series 21 (arrow). The synaptic PSD and a single cistern of SER are identified. The origin of spine #8 is indicated, also by an arrow. Also shown (white circle) is the "gray" wall of the head of spine #7 (open arrow) from the same series. This gray wall overlaps part of the neck of spine 8, illustrating the difficulty sometimes encountered in identifying the spine surfaces. B, Average thin spine (#5), also from series 21, with the PSD indicated by a small arrow. C, Spine 4 of series 21 with a small tube of SER in the spine origin that is connected in adjacent sections to the spine apparatus (SER) of the large head. The synapse is perforated in subsequent sections and has 2 spinules (see the reconstruction in Fig. 3D below). Its axonal varicosity is shared with a similar spine from a different dendrite (star). D, Spinule (large arrow) within the perforated synapse (medium arrows) of spine 11 from series 24. E, Two thin necks of spines #10 and #11 from series 21 (see reconstructions in Fig. 3E below). A double-walled (dw) vesicle is present at the neck of spine 10 and is engulfed by a neighboring axon which forms its synapse at a different spine that has a perforated PSD (star). A single cistern of SER is indicated in spine 11. Calibration bar in E for AE is1 μm.CC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF
Figure 3 Complete 3-D reconstructions of CA1 dendritic spines, where the dendritic shafts and spine heads are thin gray lines, and the spine necks and synaptic PSDs are thick black lines (filled in for the synapses). A, Stubby spine #20 of series 21. B, Average "thin" spine #5 of series 21 with the dendritic (den), neck, head, and synaptic PSD compartments labeled. The neck compartment occurs between the large arrowheads for BE. C, Branched dendritic spine from photographic series 24 with 2 branches, each having average spine dimensions. D, Large mushroom spine #4 oil n s e i s ss s s s s ds i ss Thin spines 10 and 11 of series 21, each with double-walled vesicles (dw) on their necks that are engulfed by neighboring nonsynaptic axonal varicosities. Calibration bar in E for A-E is 1 μm.
Figure 3 Complete 3-D reconstructions of CA1 dendritic spines, where the dendritic shafts and spine heads are thin gray lines, and the spine necks and synaptic PSDs are thick black lines (filled in for the synapses). A, Stubby spine #20 of series 21. B, Average "thin" spine #5 of series 21 with the dendritic (den), neck, head, and synaptic PSD compartments labeled. The neck compartment occurs between the large arrowheads for BE. C, Branched dendritic spine from photographic series 24 with 2 branches, each having average spine dimensions. D, Large mushroom spine #4 oil n s e i s ss s s s s ds i ss Thin spines 10 and 11 of series 21, each with double-walled vesicles (dw) on their necks that are engulfed by neighboring nonsynaptic axonal varicosities. Calibration bar in E for A-E is 1 μm.CC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF
Figure 4 A, Relationship between spine head volume and the area of the PSD. B, Relationship between spine head volume and the number of vesicles in the presynaptic axonal varicosity. The volume of the spine at the arrowheads in both A and B is 0.55 μm³. The value r is the correlation between the 2 variables, and p is the probability that r = 0. Figure 4. A, Relationship between spine head volume and the area of the PSD. B, Relationship between spine head volume and the number of vesicles in the presynaptic axonal varicosity. The volume of the spine at the arrowheads in both A and B is 0.55μm³. The value r is the correlation between the 2 variables, and p is the probability that r = 0.
Figure 4 A, Relationship between spine head volume and the area of the PSD. B, Relationship between spine head volume and the number of vesicles in the presynaptic axonal varicosity. The volume of the spine at the arrowheads in both A and B is 0.55 μm³. The value r is the correlation between the 2 variables, and p is the probability that r = 0. Figure 4. A, Relationship between spine head volume and the area of the PSD. B, Relationship between spine head volume and the number of vesicles in the presynaptic axonal varicosity. The volume of the spine at the arrowheads in both A and B is 0.55μm³. The value r is the correlation between the 2 variables, and p is the probability that r = 0.CC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF
Figure 5 A-C, Sharing of a contiguous population of vesicles in presynaptic axonal varicosities (var, arrowheads) by synapses on spines of different dendrites. Calibration bar in C for AC is 1 μm.
Figure 5 A-C, Sharing of a contiguous population of vesicles in presynaptic axonal varicosities (var, arrowheads) by synapses on spines of different dendrites. Calibration bar in C for AC is 1 μm.CC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF
Figure 6 A, Predicted surface area of spine heads if they were assumed to be spherical compared to the surface area that was measured through serial sections. B, Predicted surface area of spine necks if they were assumed to be cylindrical compared to the measured neck surface area. In both A and B the line indicates where predicted and measured values are the same.
Figure 6 A, Predicted surface area of spine heads if they were assumed to be spherical compared to the surface area that was measured through serial sections. B, Predicted surface area of spine necks if they were assumed to be cylindrical compared to the measured neck surface area. In both A and B the line indicates where predicted and measured values are the same.CC-BY-NC-SA · From the PDF
Image 7
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Image 8
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Citations

Cites

Show all 38 references

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Harris, K. M., F. E. Jensen, and B. Tsao (1988) Ultrastructure, de- velopment, and plasticity of synapses in area CA1 of the rat hippo- campus: Extending our vision with serial electron microscopy and three dimensional analyses. Neurol. Neurobiol. (in press).
  2. Andersen, P., T. Blackstad, G. Hulleberg, J. Line Vaaland, and M. Andersen, P., T. Blackstad, G. Hulleberg, M. Trommald, and J. L. Vaaland (1988b) Dimensions ofdendritic spines ofrat dentate gran- Trommald (1988a) Changes in spine morphology associated with ule cells during long-term potentiation (LTP). Proc. Physiol. Sot. P.C. 50. long-term potentiation in rat dentate granule cells. Proc. Physiol. Sot. s.
  3. Diamond, J., E. G. Gray, and G. M. Yasargil (1970) The function of dendritic spines: An hypothesis. In Excitatory Synaptic Mechanisms, P. Andersen and J. Jensen, eds., pp. 2 13-222, Universitets Forlaget, Oslo.
  4. Meek, G. A. (1976) Practical Electron Microscopyfor Biologists, Wiley, New York.
  5. Rall, W. (1970) Cable properties of dendrites and effects of synaptic location. In Excitatory Synaptic Mechanisms, P. Andersen and J. K. S. Jensen, eds., pp. 175-l 87, Universitets Forlaget, Oslo.
  6. Rall, W. (1978) Dendritic spines and synaptic potency. In Studies in NeurophysioloRy, A. K. McIntyre and K. Porter, eds., pp. 203-209, Cambridge U.-P., Cambridge.

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Metadata

Authors
Harris, K., & Stevens, J.
Affiliations
Boston Children's Hospital (US)
Venue
The Journal of Neuroscience
Published
1989-08-01
Volume
9
Issue
8
Pages
2982-2997
ISSN
  • 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
  • 1529-2401
OpenAlex
W2117664079
Cited by
1,073
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 42
FWCI
5.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
  • National Institutes of Health (NS21184)
  • Medical Research Council
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS21184, NS 20820)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD018655, P30HD-18655)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
Keywords
dendritic spines, CA1 pyramidal neurons, hippocampus, synaptic efficacy, postsynaptic density, synaptic vesicles, charge transfer, synaptic conductance, dendritic spine morphology, synaptic specificity
MeSH terms
Animals, Axons, Biophysics, Dendrites, Electric Conductivity, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Hippocampus, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Male, Microscopy, Electron, Models, Neurological, Neurons, Purkinje Cells, Rats, Inbred Strains, Synapses, Rats, Biophysical Phenomena

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