Cited by 1,217Down syndrome and intellectual disability researchAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchHealth and Medical Studies

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Prevalence and Trends of Developmental Disabilities among Children in the United States: 2009–2017

Zablotsky, Benjamin, Black, Lindsey I., Maenner, Matthew J., Schieve, Laura A., Danielson, Melissa L., Bitsko, Rebecca H., Blumberg, Stephen J., Kogan, Michael D., Boyle, Coleen A.·2019·Pediatrics

DOI 10.1542/peds.2019-0811PMC PMC7076808

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To study the national prevalence of 10 developmental disabilities in US children aged 3 to 17 years and explore changes over time by associated demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, using the National Health Interview Survey. METHODS: Data come from the 2009 to 2017 National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative survey of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Parents reported physician or other health care professional diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; autism spectrum disorder; blindness; cerebral palsy; moderate to profound hearing loss; learning disability; intellectual disability; seizures; stuttering or stammering; and other developmental delays. Weighted percentages for each of the selected developmental disabilities and any developmental disability were calculated and stratified by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS: From 2009 to 2011 and 2015 to 2017, there were overall significant increases in the prevalence of any developmental disability (16.2%–17.8%, P < .001), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (8.5%–9.5%, P < .01), autism spectrum disorder (1.1%–2.5%, P < .001), and intellectual disability (0.9%–1.2%, P < .05), but a significant decrease for any other developmental delay (4.7%–4.1%, P < .05). The prevalence of any developmental disability increased among boys, older children, non-Hispanic white and Hispanic children, children with private insurance only, children with birth weight ≥2500 g, and children living in urban areas and with less-educated mothers. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of developmental disability among US children aged 3 to 17 years increased between 2009 and 2017. Changes by demographic and socioeconomic subgroups may be related to improvements in awareness and access to health care.

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Williamson, A. A., Uwah, E. A., Min, J., Zhang, X., Griffis, H. M., Cielo︎, C. M., Tapia, I. E., Fiks, A. G., & Mindell, J. A. A. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.04.023 · Cited by 11
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Embryo-restricted responses to maternal IL-17A promote neurodevelopmental disorders in mouse offspring
Andruszewski, D., Uhlfelder, D. C., Desiato, G., Regen, T., Schelmbauer, C., Blanfeld, M., Scherer, L., Radyushkin, K., Pozzi, D., Waisman, A., et al. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02772-6 · Cited by 12
“The prevalence of NDDs is increasing, underlining the importance of developing safe treatment strategies suitable for use during pregnancy to prevent NDDs in the ﬁ rst place [5].”
Child Development Allied Health Services in Rural and Remote Areas: A Systematic Scoping Review of Drivers, Barriers and Enabling Strategies to Delivery of Services
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“We believe in good jobs, fair jobs, dignifying jobs that give you a good sense of identity” 1 : Career and job guidance counseling in autism
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“Even health care has, for a long time, neglected neurodevelopmental conditions and is only slowly starting to recognize the importance of addressing the increase in diagnoses, high comorbidity, and premature mortality rates (Hirvikoski et al., 2016; Pan & Bölte, 2020; Zablotsky et al., 2019).”
Background
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Disabilities Modify Recovery and Sport Behavior Following Sport-Related Concussion
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Marrus, N. M., Koth, K. A., Hellings, J. A., McDonald, R. G., Gwynette, M. F., Muhle, R., Lohr, W. D., & Vasa, R. A. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221112197 · Cited by 12
“, 2021) and 1%−2% of children having ID (Maulik et al., 2011; Zablotsky et al., 2019).”
Background
Identifying neurodevelopmental disabilities from nationalised preschool health check
Mujoo, H., Bowden, N., Thabrew, H., Kokaua, J., Audas, R. P., & Taylor, B. J. (2023) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674231151606 · Cited by 11
“Data from several countries suggest prevalence of neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDDs) is rising and estimated to affect up to 17% of children (Arora et al., 2018; GBD 2017 Child and Adolescent Health Collaborators et al., 2019; Zablotsky et al., 2019).”
Background
Evaluation of mRNA markers in differentiating human SH-SY5Y cells for estimation of developmental neurotoxicity
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Maternal, neonatal and socio-economic factors associated with intellectual development among children from a coal mining region in Brazil
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Difficulties in employment perceived by individuals with ASD in Poland
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Therapy use for U.S. school-aged children with developmental disabilities: State variation and determinants
Lindly, O. J., Eaves, M., Xu, Y., Tarazi, C. L., Rao, S. R., & Kuhlthau, K. A. (2021) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101198 · Cited by 11
Developmental disorders in children born to women with sickle cell disease: A report from the Boston Birth Cohort
Brucato, M. F., Lance, E. I., Lanzkron, S., Wang, X., & Pecker, L. H. (2022) · eJHaem · doi:10.1002/jha2.478 · Cited by 11
“The overall NDD prevalence in this subset of the BBC (44%) is higher than a nationally representative sample [10].”
Background
Developing Measurement-Based Care for Youth in an Outpatient Psychiatry Clinic: The Penn State Psychiatry Clinical Assessment and Rating Evaluation System for Youth (PCARES-Youth)
Waschbusch, D. A., Pearl, A. M., Babinski, D. E., Essayli, J. H., Koduvayur, S. P., Liao, D., Mukherjee, D., & Saunders, E. F. H. (2020) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2020.1727795 · Cited by 10
“For example, there is evidence that ADHD, autism, and intellectual disabilities have increased over the past decade, especially among older youth (ages 12 to 17), but other developmental disabilities have not (Zablotsky et al., 2019).”
Background
Latino-to-Latino: Promotores’ Beliefs on Engaging Latino Participants in Autism Research
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PROTOCOL: Teacher professional development for disability inclusion in low- and middle-income Asia-Pacific countries: An evidence and gap map
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“• Developmental disabilities (DDs) are defined by Zablotsky et al. (2019) as “a group of lifelong conditions due to an impairment in physical, learning, language, or behaviour areas” and notes “Children diagnosed with developmental disabilities typically require services to address behavioural and…”
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Developmentally Appropriate Care of Pediatric Patients in the Perioperative Setting
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Franco, F. O., Oliveira, J. S., Portolese, J., Sumiya, F. M., Silva, A., Machado‐Lima, A., Nunes, F. L. S., & Brentani, H. (2023) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-023-02389-9 · Cited by 10
“As expected, the female population is underrepresented in the sample, as the prevalence of ASD is higher among males [37, 38].”
Background
Deep learning-based, fully automated, pediatric brain segmentation
Kim, M., Hong, E., Yum, M., Lee, Y. J., Kim, J., & Ko, T. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54663-z · Cited by 11
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Felix, G., Deavenport‐Saman, A., Stavros, S., Farboodi, N., Durazo-Arvizu, R., Garcia, J., Yin, L., & Gera, M. P. (2024) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-024-03970-y · Cited by 10
“In the U.S., it is estimated that 17% of children between the ages of 3–17 years have a developmental disability (Zablotsky et al., 2019 ).”
Background
Preconception and gestational versus postnatal exposure to air pollutants and risk of autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Predictors of Neurodevelopmental and Mental Health Diagnoses in Congenital Heart Disease: A Danish Population-Based Cohort Study
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Developmental Status of Young Children in Foster Care
McLeigh, J. D., Tunnell, K., & Lazcano, C. (2021) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000906 · Cited by 10
“This is also true in data looking at DD in general population studies.(24) There is currently no established explanation Table 4.”
Background
Early Intervention referral information, transmission, and sources—A survey of state Part C Coordinators and analysis of referral forms
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“Approximately 1 in 6 children in the United States has a developmental disability or delay.(1) Early developmental services access for these children is important because neuroplasticity and response to therapeutic interventions are highest in early life.”
Background
Teachers With Special Needs. De-Psychiatrization of Children in Schools
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“Eventually I’m gonna need people”: Social capital among college students with developmental disability
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Community perspectives on developmental screening of American Indian and Alaska Native children
Whitesell, N. R., Howley, C. T., Asdigian, N. L., Clifford, C. W., Senehi, N., & Sarche, M. C. (2022) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21992 · Cited by 10
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Preterm birth and small for gestational age potentiate the association between maternal hypertensive pregnancy and childhood autism spectrum disorder
Wang, L., Lin, H., Tsai, M., Chang, Y., & Chang, Y.-C. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36787-w · Cited by 13
The contributions of neonatal inhalation of copper to air pollution-induced neurodevelopmental outcomes in mice
Cubello, J., Marvin, E., Conrad, K., Merrill, A. K., George, J. V., Welle, K. A., Jackson, B. P., Chalupa, D., Oberdörster, G., Sobolewski, M., et al. (2023) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2023.12.007 · Cited by 11
Effectiveness of Adaptive Care Plans for Children with Developmental Disabilities During Outpatient Clinic Appointments
Liddle, M., & Sonnentag, T. L. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04764-1 · Cited by 11
Effectiveness of Interdisciplinary Leadership Training for Early Career Professionals in the Field of Developmental Disabilities
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Reviewing the life skills activity program for children with special needs during the COVID-19 pandemic
Diana, D., Sunardi, S., Gunarhadi, G., & Yusufi, M. (2021) · Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences · doi:10.18844/cjes.v16i6.6543 · Cited by 10
Use of a Paid Digital Marketing Campaign to Promote a Mobile Health App to Encourage Parent-Engaged Developmental Monitoring: Implementation Study
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Association of physical activity and sleep habits during pregnancy with autistic spectrum disorder in 3-year-old infants
Nakahara, K., Michikawa, T., Morokuma, S., Hamada, N., Ogawa, M., Kato, K., Sanefuji, M., Shibata, E., Tsuji, M., Shimono, M., et al. (2022) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-022-00101-y · Cited by 15
The Impact of a Rater Training Program on the TGMD-3 Scoring Accuracy of Pre-Service Adapted Physical Education Teachers
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“%) children 3–17 years of age were diagnosed with developmental disabilities (DD) based on the 2009–2017 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS; Zablotsky et al., 2019) [1].”
Method
Air pollution during the perinatal period and neurodevelopment in children: A national population study in Taiwan
Shih, P., Chiang, T., Wu, C., Shu, B., Lung, F., & Guo, Y. L. (2022) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.15430 · Cited by 10

Authors: Zablotsky, B., Black, L. I., Maenner, M. J., Schieve, L. A., Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., Blumberg, S. J., Kogan, M. D., & Boyle, C. A.
Affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Health Resources and Services Administration (US)
Corresponding author: Zablotsky, Benjamin
ORCID: Zablotsky, Benjamin
Black, Lindsey I.
Maenner, Matthew J.
Schieve, Laura A.
Danielson, Melissa L.
Bitsko, Rebecca H.
Blumberg, Stephen J.
Kogan, Michael D.
Venue: Pediatrics
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Published: 2019-10-01
Volume: 144
Issue: 4
ISSN: 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
1098-4275
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0811
PMC: PMC7076808
OpenAlex: W2976851556
Cited by: 1,217
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 116 · 2025: 189 · 2024: 210 · 2023: 218 · 2022: 218 · 2021: 184 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 4
FWCI: 111.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health and Medical Studies
Keywords: developmental disabilities, prevalence trends, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, developmental delay, learning disabilities, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, blindness, seizures, stuttering, socioeconomic disparities, demographic disparities, children, United States
MeSH terms: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Age Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Blindness, Cerebral Palsy, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Intellectual Disability, Population Dynamics, Seizures, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Stuttering, United States, Prevalence, Insurance Coverage, Hearing Loss

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Prevalence and Trends of Developmental Disabilities among Children in the United States: 2009–2017

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