Cited by 1,217Down syndrome and intellectual disability researchAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchHealth and Medical Studies

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Prevalence and Trends of Developmental Disabilities among Children in the United States: 2009–2017

Zablotsky, Benjamin, Black, Lindsey I., Maenner, Matthew J., Schieve, Laura A., Danielson, Melissa L., Bitsko, Rebecca H., Blumberg, Stephen J., Kogan, Michael D., Boyle, Coleen A.·2019·Pediatrics

DOI 10.1542/peds.2019-0811PMC PMC7076808

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To study the national prevalence of 10 developmental disabilities in US children aged 3 to 17 years and explore changes over time by associated demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, using the National Health Interview Survey. METHODS: Data come from the 2009 to 2017 National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative survey of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Parents reported physician or other health care professional diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; autism spectrum disorder; blindness; cerebral palsy; moderate to profound hearing loss; learning disability; intellectual disability; seizures; stuttering or stammering; and other developmental delays. Weighted percentages for each of the selected developmental disabilities and any developmental disability were calculated and stratified by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS: From 2009 to 2011 and 2015 to 2017, there were overall significant increases in the prevalence of any developmental disability (16.2%–17.8%, P < .001), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (8.5%–9.5%, P < .01), autism spectrum disorder (1.1%–2.5%, P < .001), and intellectual disability (0.9%–1.2%, P < .05), but a significant decrease for any other developmental delay (4.7%–4.1%, P < .05). The prevalence of any developmental disability increased among boys, older children, non-Hispanic white and Hispanic children, children with private insurance only, children with birth weight ≥2500 g, and children living in urban areas and with less-educated mothers. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of developmental disability among US children aged 3 to 17 years increased between 2009 and 2017. Changes by demographic and socioeconomic subgroups may be related to improvements in awareness and access to health care.

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Examining the Prevalence Rates of Autism Diagnosis by Race/Ethnicity for Medicaid-Eligible Children Enrolled in NYC Universal Pre-Kindergarten Programs
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“…prevalence rates for autism and the associated spectrum of disorders continue to increase (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2020; Zablotsky et al., 2019), diagnosis rates for clinical autism may converge and diverge in important ways from how IDEA-eligible students with…”
Background
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“Typically, children diagnosed with developmental disabilities require services to address behavioral and developmental challenges (CDC, 2021a, 2021b; Zablotsky et al., 2019).”
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Background
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“Considering that racial and ethnic inequities have been well-documented among individuals with DD (e.g. see Zablotsky et al. 2019), there is a compelling need to examine the healthcare experiences of AA parents of children with DD to inform culturally responsive interventions.”
Influential
Factors Associated With Caregiver Reporting of Developmental Concerns Among Children in Low-Income Communities
Yepez, C. E., Isbell, A. M., Anderson, C. E., & Whaley, S. E. (2024) · Infants & Young Children · doi:10.1097/iyc.0000000000000262 · Cited by 2
“Male children being more likely to be the subject of developmental concern than female children is consistent with prior results reported by Zablotsky et al. (2019) that found that males were more likely to be diagnosed in general with any DD.”
BackgroundResult
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Comparison of Single Session Auditory Versus Visual Feedback on Performance and Postural Balance in Hemiplegic Children With Cerebral Palsy
Alhashimi, G. F. L., Shadmehr, A., Fereydounnia, S., Moghadam, B. A., & Abdulgani, F. M. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.64003 · Cited by 2
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“This proportion is also compatible with reports of higher prevalence of developmental disabilities among boys when compared to girls (Zablotsky, Black, and Blumberg 2019).”
Special education eligibility trends and related factors: An analysis of the context in Ontario, Canada
Shurr, J. C., Minuk, A., & Chahine, S. (2024) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/1471-3802.12708 · Cited by 2
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Maulik, P. K., Harbour, C. K., & McCarthy, J. M. (2024) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-66902-6_1 · Cited by 2
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Project ECHO tele-mentoring primary care for individuals with IDD
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Ramirez, A. G., Patt, R., Delgado, A. M., Levine, D., Student, S. R., de Villiers, J., Hirsh‐Pasek, K., Iglesias, A., & Golinkoff, R. M. (2025) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2024.102024 · Cited by 2
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Miao+, H., Zhang+, C., Qian, J., Jing, H., Nan, H., Li, S., Shen, X., & Zhao, J. (2025) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.18332/tid/200339 · Cited by 2
“These conditions significantly impact individuals and their families, potentially leading to lower educational achievement, diminished quality of life, and increased healthcare costs 4,5 .”
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Taylor, L. G., Bourke, M., Alvarez, L., Arbour‐Nicitopoulos, K. P., Burke, S. M., & Tucker, P. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/00084174251318200 · Cited by 2
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Outcomes from an enhanced developmental screening programme in Singapore
Yeleswarapu, S. P., Wong, C. M., Chan, Y. H., Daniel, L. M., Xia, O. J., Ng, D. C. C., Guo, X., Siriamornsarp, R., & Agarwal, P. K. (2025) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106220 · Cited by 2
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“Approximately one in every six children in the United States has a developmental disability (Zablotsky et al., 2019).”
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Authors: Zablotsky, B., Black, L. I., Maenner, M. J., Schieve, L. A., Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., Blumberg, S. J., Kogan, M. D., & Boyle, C. A.
Affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Health Resources and Services Administration (US)
Corresponding author: Zablotsky, Benjamin
ORCID: Zablotsky, Benjamin
Black, Lindsey I.
Maenner, Matthew J.
Schieve, Laura A.
Danielson, Melissa L.
Bitsko, Rebecca H.
Blumberg, Stephen J.
Kogan, Michael D.
Venue: Pediatrics
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Published: 2019-10-01
Volume: 144
Issue: 4
ISSN: 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
1098-4275
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0811
PMC: PMC7076808
OpenAlex: W2976851556
Cited by: 1,217
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 116 · 2025: 189 · 2024: 210 · 2023: 218 · 2022: 218 · 2021: 184 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 4
FWCI: 111.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health and Medical Studies
Keywords: developmental disabilities, prevalence trends, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, developmental delay, learning disabilities, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, blindness, seizures, stuttering, socioeconomic disparities, demographic disparities, children, United States
MeSH terms: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Age Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Blindness, Cerebral Palsy, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Intellectual Disability, Population Dynamics, Seizures, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Stuttering, United States, Prevalence, Insurance Coverage, Hearing Loss

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Prevalence and Trends of Developmental Disabilities among Children in the United States: 2009–2017

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