Cited by 1,217Down syndrome and intellectual disability researchAutism Spectrum Disorder ResearchHealth and Medical Studies

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Prevalence and Trends of Developmental Disabilities among Children in the United States: 2009–2017

Zablotsky, Benjamin, Black, Lindsey I., Maenner, Matthew J., Schieve, Laura A., Danielson, Melissa L., Bitsko, Rebecca H., Blumberg, Stephen J., Kogan, Michael D., Boyle, Coleen A.·2019·Pediatrics

DOI 10.1542/peds.2019-0811PMC PMC7076808

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To study the national prevalence of 10 developmental disabilities in US children aged 3 to 17 years and explore changes over time by associated demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, using the National Health Interview Survey. METHODS: Data come from the 2009 to 2017 National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative survey of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Parents reported physician or other health care professional diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; autism spectrum disorder; blindness; cerebral palsy; moderate to profound hearing loss; learning disability; intellectual disability; seizures; stuttering or stammering; and other developmental delays. Weighted percentages for each of the selected developmental disabilities and any developmental disability were calculated and stratified by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS: From 2009 to 2011 and 2015 to 2017, there were overall significant increases in the prevalence of any developmental disability (16.2%–17.8%, P < .001), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (8.5%–9.5%, P < .01), autism spectrum disorder (1.1%–2.5%, P < .001), and intellectual disability (0.9%–1.2%, P < .05), but a significant decrease for any other developmental delay (4.7%–4.1%, P < .05). The prevalence of any developmental disability increased among boys, older children, non-Hispanic white and Hispanic children, children with private insurance only, children with birth weight ≥2500 g, and children living in urban areas and with less-educated mothers. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of developmental disability among US children aged 3 to 17 years increased between 2009 and 2017. Changes by demographic and socioeconomic subgroups may be related to improvements in awareness and access to health care.

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Headache in Individuals with Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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“Although somewhat mitigated in recent years (Zablotsky et al., 2019), race/ethnicity is still a statistically significant predictor in the United States of receipt of an autism diagnosis, where non-white children are less likely to receive an autism diagnosis or to receive it at older ages than…”
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Invited Perspective: Still Beating the Drum—Environmental Health Disparities and Neurodevelopment
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Developmental Monitoring in Special Supplemental Nutrition Programs for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Increases Referrals to Social Supports
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“Results from a study analyzing the National Health Interview Survey found that children on public health insurance and those living at less than 200% of the federal poverty line were more likely to receive a diagnosis of developmental disabilities (Zablotsky et al., 2019).”
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Adaptation and validation of Arabic version of the screening tool of feeding problems applied to children (STEP-CHILD)
El-Kassas, O., Saad, M., Afsah, O., Baz, H. M., & Abou-Elsaad, T. S. (2024) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2024.2368922 · Cited by 3
“The prevalence varies by gender for conditions affecting neurodevelopment, such that developmental disabilities are much more common in boys than girls, with an overall prevalence ratio that is generally reported closer to 3:1 (Green et al. 2019; Zablotsky et al. 2019).”
Integrating Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Inpatient Mental Health Settings
Gallik, C. L., Ramasamy, R., Clifton, R. L., & Al-Mateen, C. S. (2024) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62749-1_4 · Cited by 3
Mitochondrial related Mendelian randomization identifies causal associations between metabolic disorders and childhood neurodevelopmental disorders
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Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence and Its Association With Neurodevelopmental Disorders Among Children in Japan
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“However, the prevalence of neuro-developmental disorders (NDs) among American children aged 3 – 17 years increased between 2009 and 2017 [3], indicating a changing disease structure in children.”
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“DDs are a heterogeneous group of impairments affecting lifelong functionality, including social skills, cognition, and behavior (Patel et al., 2010; Zablotsky et al., 2019).”
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“Similar to previous national studies that analyzed ever diagnosis of ADHD [52–55], we included ADHD diagnosis status in this study based on ever diagnosis status.”
Sex differences in the comorbidity between attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis
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Families’ social capital and school participation of children with developmental disabilities in China
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“These conditions typically manifest during early childhood and persist throughout the person’s lifespan, may impact day-to-day functioning, affecting approximately 1 in 6 children (Zablotsky et al. 2019).”
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Mahabee‐Gittens, E. M., Illapani, V. S. P., Kline‐Fath, B. M., Harpster, K. L., Magnino, A., Merhar, S. L., Parikh, N. A., for the Cincinnati Infant Neurodevelopment Early Prediction Study (CINEPS) Investigators, Parikh, N. A., Altaye, M., et al. (2025) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-025-04157-z · Cited by 3
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“Developmental disability is a diverse group of chronic conditions characterized by substantial functional limitations in three or more of the areas of major life activity (e.g., motor, social, emotional, cognitive, and language) (Zablotsky et al., 2019).”
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“40 This supports previous research that males with CP are at a higher risk for language and learning concerns.”
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“Data from 2009 to 2017 show approximately one in six children in the United States has a diagnosed developmental disability (Zablotsky et al., 2019).”
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Meta-analysis of Stuttering Prevalence and Incidence
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“예를 들어 교사를 대상으로 말을 더듬는 아동의 수를 측정하거나 (Yun, Han, & Sim, 2003) 부모 혹은 참여자 자신을 대상으로 자기보고를 실시할 수 있다 (Zablotsky et al., 2019).”
Correlations Between State-Level Monitoring and Screening Rates and Early Identified ASD/DD Across Racial and Ethnic Groups
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Child- and parent-related determinants for out-of-home care in a nationwide population with neurodevelopmental disorders: a register-based Finnish birth cohort 1997 study
Penttilä, S., Niemelä, M., Hakko, H. H., Keski‐Säntti, M., Ristikari, T., & Räsänen, S. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02406-w · Cited by 23
“A national study from the US reported a combined prevalence of 17% for ten developmental dis - abilities in US children aged 3–17 years [ 4 ].”

Authors: Zablotsky, B., Black, L. I., Maenner, M. J., Schieve, L. A., Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., Blumberg, S. J., Kogan, M. D., & Boyle, C. A.
Affiliations: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Health Resources and Services Administration (US)
Corresponding author: Zablotsky, Benjamin
ORCID: Zablotsky, Benjamin
Black, Lindsey I.
Maenner, Matthew J.
Schieve, Laura A.
Danielson, Melissa L.
Bitsko, Rebecca H.
Blumberg, Stephen J.
Kogan, Michael D.
Venue: Pediatrics
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Published: 2019-10-01
Volume: 144
Issue: 4
ISSN: 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
1098-4275
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0811
PMC: PMC7076808
OpenAlex: W2976851556
Cited by: 1,217
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 116 · 2025: 189 · 2024: 210 · 2023: 218 · 2022: 218 · 2021: 184 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 4
FWCI: 111.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health and Medical Studies
Keywords: developmental disabilities, prevalence trends, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, developmental delay, learning disabilities, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, blindness, seizures, stuttering, socioeconomic disparities, demographic disparities, children, United States
MeSH terms: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adolescent, Age Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Blindness, Cerebral Palsy, Child, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Intellectual Disability, Population Dynamics, Seizures, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Stuttering, United States, Prevalence, Insurance Coverage, Hearing Loss

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Prevalence and Trends of Developmental Disabilities among Children in the United States: 2009–2017

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