Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms
Open accessAbstract
Background and Aims: Most people use the Internet in a functional way to achieve certain goals and needs. However, there is an increasing number of people who experience negative consequences like loss of control and distress based on an excessive use of the Internet and its specific online applications. Some approaches postulate similarities with behavioral addictions as well as substance dependencies. They differentiate between a generalized and a specific Internet addiction, such as the pathological use of social networking sites (SIA–SNS). Prior studies particularly identified the use of applications, personal characteristics, and psychopathological symptoms as significant predictors for the development and maintenance of this phenomenon. So far, it remains unclear how psychopathological symptoms like depression and social anxiety interact with individual expectancies of Internet use and capabilities of handling the Internet, summarized as Internet literacy. Methods: The current study ( N = 334) investigated the interaction of these components in a structural equation model. Results: The results indicate that the effects of depression and social anxiety on SIA–SNS were mediated by Internet use expectancies and self-regulation. Discussion: Thus, Internet use expectancies seem to be crucial for SIA–SNS, which is in line with prior models. Conclusions: SNS use may be reinforced by experienced gratification and relief from negative feelings. Individual competences in handling the Internet may be preventive for the development of SIA–SNS.
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- Findingown data
The predictors in the self-regulation model explained 51.2% of the variance in SIA-SNS.
“Overall, the predictors significantly explained 51.2% of the variance of SIA–SNS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of psychopathological symptoms on SIA-SNS was partially mediated by self-regulation (β = .051, SE = .019, p = .007).
“The effect of psychopathological symptoms on SIA–SNS was partially mediated by Internet use expectancies (β = .191, SE = .051, p < .001) and self-regulation (β = .051, SE = .019, p = .007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The Internet literacy sub-dimension self-regulation can decrease the probability of developing an SIA–SNS.
- Findingown data
Psychopathological symptoms were a significant positive predictor of SIA-SNS.
“As expected, psychopathological symptoms was a significant positive predictor of SIA–SNS as well as of Internet use expectancies but a negative predictor of self-regulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of psychopathological symptoms on SIA-SNS was partially mediated by Internet use expectancies (β = .191, SE = .051, p < .001).
“The effect of psychopathological symptoms on SIA–SNS was partially mediated by Internet use expectancies (β = .191, SE = .051, p < .001) and self-regulation (β = .051, SE = .019, p = .007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: People with depressive symptoms and social anxiety expect SNS as a possibility to handle negative emotions.
- Findingown data
Internet literacy was not well represented by the two manifest indicators self-regulation and production/interaction (self-regulation β = .466; production/interaction β = −.459).
“However, Internet literacy was not optimally represented by these two manifest variables (self-regulation: β = .466; production and interaction: β = −.459).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data
Psychopathological symptoms were a significant negative predictor of self-regulation.
“As expected, psychopathological symptoms was a significant positive predictor of SIA–SNS as well as of Internet use expectancies but a negative predictor of self-regulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Psychopathological symptoms were a significant positive predictor of Internet use expectancies.
“As expected, psychopathological symptoms was a significant positive predictor of SIA–SNS as well as of Internet use expectancies but a negative predictor of self-regulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Internet use expectancies had a significant positive effect on SIA-SNS.
“Internet use expectancies had a significant positive effect on SIA–SNS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The latent constructs SIA-SNS, psychopathology, and Internet use expectancies were well represented by their manifest indicators, with factor loadings between .600 and .854.
“The latent dimensions of SIA–SNS, psychopathology, and Internet use expectancies were well represented by the manifest variables (factor loading from .600 to .854).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The structural equation model using self-regulation as the mediator had good fit (RMSEA = .070, CFI = .979, TLI = .956, SRMR = .043; chi-square = 26.51, p < .003).
“The first structural equation model, using self-regulation, showed a good model fit. The RMSEA was .070, CFI = .979, TLI = .956, SRMR = .043, χ2 = 26.51, p < .003.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Age appeared relatively unrelated to the variables in the model.
“Age seemed to be relatively unrelated to the variables in the model.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Internet use expectancies had a positive effect on the severity of SIA-SNS symptoms.
“Internet use expectancies had a positive effect while self-regulation had a negative effect on the severity of SIA–SNS symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The structural equation model that used production and interaction as mediators did not fit the data acceptably, with RMSEA = .124, CFI = .937, TLI = .869, SRMR = .069, and χ2 = 61.15, p < .001.
“The second model, using production and interaction, showed no acceptable model fit, RMSEA = .124, CFI = .937, TLI = .869, SRMR = .069, χ2 = 61.15 p < .001.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The SEM using production and interaction as mediator revealed no acceptable model fit.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
- Findingown data
Production and interaction, as a component of Internet literacy, did not appear to have a mediating effect.
“Production and interaction as a component of Internet literacy does not seem to have such a mediating effect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Production and interaction is a component of Internet literacy.
- Findingown data
Age was mainly unrelated to the other variables, with correlations that were non-significant and low in magnitude (r < −.195 and r > −.010).
“Correlations between age and the other variables were mainly non-significant and had low effects (r < −.195 and r > −.010; Cohen, 1988).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cohen, 1988
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- Findingown data
The only significant correlation with age was for the s-IAT-SNS craving/social problems subscale (r = −.195, p < .001).
“Only the correlation between age and s-IAT–SNS craving/social problems was significant (r = −.195, p < .001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The variables interpersonal sensitivity, depression, positive reinforcement expectancies, avoidance expectancies, and self-regulation together explained 51.2% of the variance in SIA-SNS.
“Altogether, 51.2% of the variance of SIA–SNS were explained by the used variables: interpersonal sensitivity, depression, positive reinforcement and avoidance expectancies, and self-regulation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Avoidance expectancies represented the latent dimension of SNS use expectancies, as shown by the factor loadings.
“Especially the avoidance expectancies represented the latent dimension SNS use expectancies shown by the factor loads (Chou, 2000; Chou, Condron & Belland, 2005; LaRose et al., 2001; Muñoz-Rivas, Fernández & Gámez-Guadix, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Chou, 2000
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- cites Chou, Condron & Belland, 2005
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- cites LaRose et al., 2001
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- Findingown data
Correlation analysis indicated that a person's self-estimated competence and responsibility in producing new content may increase the probability of SIA-SNS.
“However, the correlation analysis showed that the individual estimation of a person’s competence and responsibility in producing new content may enhance the probability of SIA–SNS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Self-regulation partially mediated the link from psychopathological symptoms to SIA-SNS only for women (β = .073, SE = .025, p = .003).
“The partial mediation of psychopathological symptoms to SIA–SNS mediated by self-regulation was also found only for women (β = .073, SE = .025, p = .003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
A gender difference in the structure of the structural equation model was found with respect to self-regulation.
“A gender difference in the structure of the SEM was found with respect to self-regulation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The first structural equation model did not fit the data acceptably.
“Overall, the first structural equation model analysis showed no acceptable model fit with the data.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Self-regulation had a negative effect on the severity of SIA-SNS symptoms.
“Internet use expectancies had a positive effect while self-regulation had a negative effect on the severity of SIA–SNS symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
The conditions required to include age in the mediation model were not met.
“However, the preconditions for integrating age in the mediation model were not fulfilled (Baron & Kenny, 1986).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Baron & Kenny, 1986
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
The main structural equation model with self-regulation as a manifest variable and gender differentiation through mean structure analysis had acceptable fit indices (RMSEA = .097, CFI = .950, TLI = .920, SRMR = .058, χ2 = 66.51, p < .001).
“We analyzed the main SEM described above (with selfregulation as manifest variable) with additional differentiation by gender with the help of mean structure analysis. The fit indices were all acceptable meaning that the models structures were not significantly different between gender. The RMSEA was .097 (CFI = .950, TLI = .920, the SRMR = .058, χ2 = 66.51, p < .001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Psychopathological symptoms such as depression and social anxiety, measured by the BSI interpersonal sensitivity subscale, had a direct effect on SIA-SNS.
“The results illustrated that psychopathological symptoms like depression and social anxiety (operationalized by the BSI subscale interpersonal sensitivity) affected SIA–SNS directly.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The BSI interpersonal sensitivity subscale measures social anxiety.
- Findingown data
According to the BIC, the model using only self-regulation had the best fit (BIC = 7503.00) compared with the first proposed SEM (BIC = 8481.86) and the SEM controlling for gender (BIC = 7566.41).
“To contrast the different models we consider the BIC. This underlined the best fit for the model using only selfregulation (Figure 2; BIC = 7503.00) when compared with the first proposed SEM (BIC = 8481.86) or the SEM controlling for gender (BIC = 7566.41).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
SNS use may be reinforced by experienced gratification and relief from negative feelings.
“SNS use may be reinforced by experienced gratification and relief from negative feelings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: Users experience online gratification of needs.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The gratification of individual and social needs by SNS can be summarized as expected outcome.
- Interpretationcitation
Reinforcement from producing and interacting with new content could lead to excessive SNS use.
“Therefore, the reinforcement of the production and interaction of new content could lead to an excessive use of SNS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Davis, 2001
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductown data
The s-IAT-SNS had good internal consistency (overall α = .880; loss of control/time management α = .841; craving/social problems α = .801).
“Internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) of the s-IAT–SNS was good: α = .880 (loss of control/time management α = .841, craving/social problems α = .801).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The structures of the model did not differ significantly between male and female participants.
“The fit indices were all acceptable meaning that the models structures were not significantly different between gender.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Individual competences in handling the Internet may be preventive for the development of SIA-SNS.
“Individual competences in handling the Internet may be preventive for the development of SIA–SNS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The Internet literacy sub-dimension self-regulation can decrease the probability of developing an SIA–SNS.
- Premisecitation
SNS allows escapism from unpleasant situations and negative feelings.
“SNS allows the escapism from unpleasant situations and negative feelings (Griffiths et al., 2014; Ryan & Xenos, 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Griffiths et al., 2014
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- cites Ryan & Xenos, 2011
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- Premisecitation
Overstated expectancies and motivations are associated with dysfunctional self-regulation capacities.
“Overstated expectancies and motivations are instead associated with dysfunctional self-regulation capacities (Griffiths et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Griffiths et al., 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationcitation
Specific individual predispositions predict cognitive styles related to Internet use.
“Consistent with the theoretical model by Brand, Young et al. (2014) the results illustrate that specific individual predispositions predict cognitive styles related to the Internet use.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brand, Young et al., 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Expecting the Internet to help reduce negative feelings or to provide pleasure increases the likelihood of developing SIA-SNS.
“User’s expectancy of the Internet as a helpful tool for reducing negative feelings or for experiencing pleasure increases the probability of developing SIA–SNS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Outlier control analyses indicated no substantial influence of outliers (all correlations with the random variable were below .063; regression R2 = .015, p = .886).
“All correlations were low (r’s < .063), the regression model with the random variable as dependent variable was not significant (R2 = .015, p = .886) indicating no substantial influence of outliners (Brand, Laier et al., 2014; Brand, Schiebener, Pertl & Delazer, 2014; Schiebener et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The effect of psychopathological symptoms on self-regulation suggests that people who feel uncomfortable in social situations or have depressive symptoms have more difficulty regulating their SNS use.
“The effect of underlying psychopathological symptoms on self-regulation indicates that people who feel uncomfortable in social situations or have depressive symptoms have more problems in regulating their SNS use.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Users with psychopathological symptoms have high expectancies that the Internet will gratify their individual needs.
“Moreover, they have high expectancies with respect to experience gratification of individual needs online.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Individual characteristics interact with expectancies to avoid negative feelings or to experience pleasure, which could result in an SIA.
“However, the several models of this study explain the role of different components and underline a central mechanism: Individual characteristics interact with the expectancies to avoid negative feelings respectively to experience pleasure that could result in an SIA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Individual experiences with SNS lead to positive reinforcement of certain needs and cognitions.
“Hence, individual experiences with SNS lead to a positive reinforcement of certain needs and also cognitions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Time spent on SNS is associated with the development of SNS addiction.
“Hong, Huang, Lin and Chiu (2014) reported that SNS use measured by the time spent on SNS is associated with the development of an addiction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hong, Huang, Lin and Chiu (2014)
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Users with greater self-regulation capabilities appear less vulnerable to SIA-SNS.
“Users with higher self-regulation capabilities seem less vulnerable for SIA–SNS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Users with psychopathological symptoms have difficulty using the Internet in a functional way.
“We suggested that users with psychopathological symptoms have difficulties in handling the Internet functionally.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Shy or anxious individuals spend more time on SNS to escape reality and satisfy social needs.
“It is consistent with findings of Ryan and Xenos (2011), who illustrated that shy or anxious people spend more time on SNS due to escape from reality and to gratify their social needs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ryan and Xenos (2011)
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The Internet use expectancies dimension appears to represent avoiding offline problems more than gaining positive reinforcement from SNS use.
“Therefore, it seems that the dimension Internet use expectancies rather represents the aspect of avoiding offline problems than the aspect of gaining positive reinforcement from SNS use.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- May combine two claims. 10
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 13
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn the 334-participant sample, the initially proposed structural equation model that included Internet literacy as a latent variable fit the data relatively poorly (RMSEA = .113, CFI = .927, TLI = .864, SRMR = .071; chi-square = 78.83, p < .001).
“The proposed structural equation model showed a relatively weak fit with the data. The RMSEA was .113 (p = .089), CFI = .927, TLI = .864, SRMR = .071. The χ2-test was significant (χ2 = 78.83, p < .001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataBoth Internet use expectancies and self-regulation partially mediated the relationship between psychopathological symptoms and SIA-SNS.
“Moreover, Internet use expectancies as well as self regulation partially mediated the link between psychopathological symptoms and SIA–SNS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataIn the gender-differentiated model, the relationships among psychopathological symptoms, Internet use expectancies, self-regulation, and SIA-SNS were the same as in the main model.
“We found the same relationships between psychopathological symptoms and SIA–SNS respectively Internet use expectancies and self-regulation as well as Internet use expectancies and SIA–SNS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataPositive reinforcement loaded on the latent dimension of Internet use expectancies with a medium effect, whereas avoidance expectancies loaded on that dimension with a large effect.
“Additionally, the manifest variable positive reinforcement loaded on the latent dimension Internet use expectancies only with a medium effect, while avoidance expectancies loaded on the dimension with a large effect.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataInternet use expectancies partially mediated the link from psychopathological symptoms to SIA-SNS for women (β = .195, SE = .060, p = .001) but not for men (β = .137, SE = .079, p = .082).
“The partial mediation of psychopathological symptoms to SIA–SNS mediated by Internet use expectancies was found for women (β = .195, SE = .060, p = .001), but not for men (β = .137, SE = .079, p = .082).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataMale and female participants differed significantly only on the s-IAT-SNS craving/social problems subscale (t(150.42) = −2.92, p = .004).
“To control for gender we calculated group comparisons with all used variables and found significant differences between male and female participants only for s-IAT–SNS craving/social problems (t(150.42) = −2.92, p = .004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataSelf-regulation and production/interaction likely do not form a common latent Internet literacy domain but instead reflect conceptually different aspects of competent Internet handling.
“Thus, it seems that these two do not represent a common latent domain, but potentially represent conceptually relatively different aspects of handling the Internet competently.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataInternet use expectancies appear to be crucial for SIA-SNS, which is consistent with prior models.
“Thus, Internet use expectancies seem to be crucial for SIA–SNS, which is in line with prior models.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: People with depressive symptoms and social anxiety expect SNS as a possibility to handle negative emotions.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe BSI depression subscale had good internal consistency (α = .808).
“The subscale depression consists of six items and had a good internal consistency (Cronbach’s a = .808).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationUsers who feel more comfortable with computers than with direct real-life interaction may be more prone to problematic Internet use.
“It seems that those users feel more comfortable with computers than to interact with people directly in real life (Leung & Lee, 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Leung & Lee, 2012
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PremisecitationYoung's treatment model describes the impact of psychopathological symptoms and social cognition on Internet addiction as mediated by individual cognitions such as Internet use expectancies or coping strategies.
“It is also part of the treatment model proposed by Young (2011) that describes the impact of psychopathological symptoms and social cognition on IA mediated by individual cognitions like Internet use expectancies or coping strategies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Young (2011)
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationStudies have postulated that women are generally more active on SNS than men.
“Studies postulated that women are in general more active on SNS than men (Chak & Leung, 2004; Moore & McElroy, 2012; Szczegielniak, Palka & Krysta, 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Chak & Leung, 2004
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- cites Moore & McElroy, 2012
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- cites Szczegielniak, Palka & Krysta, 2013
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe ability to deal with information overload and greater knowledge about Internet functions are associated with loss of control and a preference for being online.
“They found that the ability to deal with information overload and a great knowledge about Internet functions are associated with loss of control and the preference of being online.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Leung and Lee (2012)
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe IUES positive reinforcement, avoidance expectancies, and overall scales had good reliability (α = .829, .785, and .843, respectively).
“Both scales had a good reliability (Cronbach’s α; positive reinforcement: α = .829, avoidance expectancies: α = .785, overall: α = .843) (Brand, Laier et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationDeficits in self-regulation are linked to substance abuse and may be core mechanisms of Internet addiction or specific Internet addiction.
“These deficits are linked to substance abuse and could be core mechanisms of IA respectively SIA–SNS (Khang et al., 2014; LaRose, Mastro & Eastin, 2001).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Khang et al., 2014
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- cites LaRose, Mastro & Eastin, 2001
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Study design and conductown dataThe BSI interpersonal sensitivity subscale had acceptable internal consistency (α = .773).
“The subscale interpersonal sensitivity had four items and the internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach’s a = .773).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationUsers choose media to gratify individual needs or to experience entertainment or social support.
“In line with the UAG it illustrates that users choose media to gratify individual needs or to experience entertainment or social support.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites LaRose et al., 2001
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- cites Smock et al., 2011
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- cites Song et al., 2004
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenInternet literacy was assessed with a newly developed questionnaire.
“Furthermore, we also used a newly developed questionnaire to evaluate Internet literacy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe ILQ production/interaction and self-regulation subscales had acceptable internal consistency (α = .741 and .728, respectively).
“The internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) was acceptable: production and interaction: α = .741, self-regulation: α = .728.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationGender effects have also been found for other Internet addictions, such as cybersex addiction and online gaming.
“Gender effects were also found for other SIA like cybersex addiction (Griffiths, 2012; Laier, Pekal & Brand, 2014) or online gaming (Brand, Laier et al., 2014; Ko, Yen, Chen, Chen & Yen, 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Griffiths, 2012
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- cites Laier, Pekal & Brand, 2014
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- cites Brand, Laier et al., 2014
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe study collected data through an online survey and did not use laboratory or standardized conditions.
“We used an online survey to collect the data and had no laboratory or standardized conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
Internet users have certain needs and goals that can be achieved by different Internet applications.
“It is based on the assumption that Internet users have certain needs and goals, which can be achieved by different Internet applications.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Depressive people have less self-control and are socially isolated.
“It is based on the assumption that depressive people have less self-control and are socially isolated (Hong et al., 2014).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Users experience online gratification of needs.
“A further explanation of the relationship between IA and UAG is based on the assumption that users experience online gratification of needs.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The gratification of individual and social needs by SNS can be summarized as expected outcome.
“Thereby, it is assumed that the gratification of individual and social needs by SNS can be summarized as expected outcome.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
People with depressive symptoms and social anxiety expect SNS as a possibility to handle negative emotions.
“Moreover, we assume that people with depressive symptoms and social anxiety expect SNS as a possibility to handle negative emotions.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The Internet literacy sub-dimension self-regulation can decrease the probability of developing an SIA–SNS.
“We assume that the Internet literacy sub-dimension selfregulation can decrease the probability of developing an SIA–SNS.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The mechanism by which individual experiences with SNS lead to positive reinforcement of needs and cognitions is based on the expectancy to experience gratification and satisfy desires, and these experiences increase the likelihood of SIA–SNS.
“This mechanism is assumed to be based upon the expectancy to experience gratification and to satisfy certain desires and that these experiences increase the likelihood of SIA–SNS (Brand, Young et al., 2014; Robinson & Berridge, 2000, 2003).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The BSI interpersonal sensitivity subscale measures social anxiety.
“psychopathological symptoms like depression and social anxiety (operationalized by the BSI subscale interpersonal sensitivity)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-regulation is an aspect of Internet literacy.
“self-regulation as mediator representing an aspect of Internet literacy”
The paper relies on this without support.
Production and interaction is a component of Internet literacy.
“Production and interaction as a component of Internet literacy”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Positive metacognitions about Internet use have been shown to mediate the relationship between emotional dysregulation and Internet addiction as well as the relationship between psychopathological symptoms and the addictive use of social-networking sites.
“Moreover, positive metacognitions about Internet use have been shown to mediate the relationship between emotional dysregulation and Internet addiction (Casale et al., 2016) as well as the relationship between psychopathological symptoms (depression, social anxiety) and the addictive use of social-networking sites (Wegmann et al., 2015).”
From Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model (2016) · cites this paper as Wegmann et al., 2015
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEmpirical research has reported strong relationships between SNS addiction and other technological and behavioral addictions (Internet gaming addiction, Internet addiction) and interpersonal factors (demographics, personality traits, impulsivity, narcissism, identity styles).
“Empirical research has reported strong relationships between SNS addiction and other forms of technological and behavioral addiction, such as Internet gaming addiction (Andreassen, Billieux, et al., 2016) and Internet addiction (Monacis, de Palo, Griffiths, & Sinatra, 2016; Wegmann, Stodt, & Brand, 2015)”
From Social networking addiction, attachment style, and validation of the Italian version of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (2017) · cites this paper as Wegmann, Stodt, & Brand, 2015
The effect of a person's core characteristics, such as depression and social anxiety, on Internet-communication disorder is partially mediated by specific cognitions such as Internet-use expectancies, coping style and self-regulation abilities.
“This has already been shown in previous studies emphasizing that the effect of a person's core characteristics, such as depression and social anxiety, is partially mediated by specific cognitions such as individual's Internet-use expectancies, coping style and self-regulation abilities (Wegmann and Brand, 2016, Wegmann et al., 2015).”
From Online-specific fear of missing out and internet-use expectancies contribute to symptoms of internet-communication disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Wegmann et al., 2015
Positive correlations were found between depression and negative social networking interactions.
“positive correlations were found between depression and negative social networking interactions, 34,39,40”
From The Relationship Between Online Social Networking and Depression: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies (2016) · cites this paper as [40]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(150.42) = -2.92reported p = .004 · recomputed p = .004
“t(150.42) = −2.92, p = .004”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
A weaker negative correlation receives a stronger significance mark
MinorTable 1 marks −.111 with two stars but −.117 with one. For correlations calculated from the same sample, the smaller absolute correlation cannot have the smaller p-value.
“| 7. IUE – avoidance expectancies | 2.36 (1.12) | | | | | | | .102 | .437** | −.111** | −.347** |”
“| 2. s-IAT–SNS 1 (loss of control/time management) | 12.97 (4.78) | | .638** | .412** | .420** | .290** | .402** | .107 | .315** | −.117* | −.345** |”
A stronger correlation receives a weaker significance mark
MinorWith the same sample size, a correlation of .364 must have a smaller p-value than one of .315. Table 1 marks the former with one star and the latter with two.
“| 1. s-IAT–SNS sum score | 22.52 (7.57) | .932** | .874** | .455** | .484** | .330** | .456** | .122* | .364* | −.137* | −.356** |”
“| 2. s-IAT–SNS 1 (loss of control/time management) | 12.97 (4.78) | | .638** | .412** | .420** | .290** | .402** | .107 | .315** | −.117* | −.345** |”
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Wegmann, E., Stodt, B., & Brand, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Brand, Matthias
- Venue
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions
- Publisher
- Akademiai Kiado Zrt.
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 155-162
- ISSN
- 2062-5871 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4627676
- OpenAlex
- W2154796819
- Semantic Scholar
- b133c541cee79cc58d52574fb2f97a0e47306aae
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 48.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Behavioral Addictions (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) (acceptedVersion)
- DuEPublico (University of Duisburg-Essen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Keywords
- internet addiction, internet literacy, depression, social anxiety, self-regulation, behavioral addiction, psychiatric symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Literacy, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Behavior, Addictive, Internet, Young Adult, Social Networking
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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