Beyond “Facebook Addiction”: the role of cognitive-related factors and psychiatric distress in social networking site addiction
Open accessAbstract
The use of social networking sites (SNSs) is rapidly increasing as billions of individuals use SNS platforms regularly to communicate with other users, follow the news, and play browser games. Given the widespread use of SNS platforms, investigating the potential predictors of addictive SNS use beyond Facebook use has become paramount given that most studies so far focused on "Facebook addiction." In this study, a total of 511 English-speaking SNS users (58.1% young adults aged 20-35 years; 64.6% female) were recruited online and asked to complete a battery of standardized psychometric tools assessing participants' sociodemographic characteristics, SNS preferences and patterns of use, SNS addiction, preference for online social interaction, maladaptive cognitions, fear of missing out (FoMo), dysfunctional emotion regulation, and general psychiatric distress. Overall, about 4.9% (n = 25) of all participants could be classed as having a high SNS addiction risk profile. Moreover, the results further indicated that FoMo (β = 0.38), maladaptive cognitions (β = 0.25), and psychiatric distress (β = 0.12) significantly predicted SNS addiction (i.e., p < 0.0001) and accounted for about 61% of the total variance in SNS addiction, with FoMo providing the strongest predictive contribution over and above the effects of sociodemographic variables and patterns of SNS use. The implications of the present findings were discussed in light of extant literature on behavioral addictions and Facebook addiction and further considerations were provided regarding the potential clinical implications for cognitive-based psychological treatment approaches to SNS addiction.
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Some scholars advocated for strict monothetic and polythetic classifications with a cutoff of 4.
“Some scholars consider endorsement of the mid-point to be too liberal, and have thus advocated for the use of strict monothetic and polythetic classifications with a cutoff of 4 (e.g., Gul, Yurumez Solmaz, Gul, & Oner, 2018;Pontes, Taylor, & Stavropoulos, 2018).”
From Prevalence of social media addiction across 32 nations: Meta-analysis with subgroup analysis of classification schemes and cultural values (2021) · cites this paper as Pontes, Taylor, & Stavropoulos, 2018
The Measures section (page unavailable) says the study used a previously suggested strict monothetic cutoff of 4 or above on all six items. It does not describe a polythetic classification or argue that endorsing the midpoint is too liberal, so the full attribution is not supported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSocial media use has been negatively associated with face-to-face social interactions.
“Social media use has been negatively associated with face-to-face social interactions, which can impact the development of social skills and decision-making abilities as well (Pontes et al., 2018).”
From The impact of digital technology, social media, and artificial intelligence on cognitive functions: a review (2023) · cites this paper as Pontes et al., 2018
The Introduction (page unavailable) defines preference for online social interaction as favoring online relationships over face-to-face activities, and the Discussion reports higher levels of that preference among participants at high risk of social networking site addiction. The paper does not report a negative association between social media use and the amount of face-to-face interaction, nor does it address decision-making abilities. Its discussion of interpersonal difficulties concerns Facebook addiction in adolescents, not social media use generally. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis negative association can impact the development of social skills and decision-making abilities.
“which can impact the development of social skills and decision-making abilities as well (Pontes et al., 2018).”
From The impact of digital technology, social media, and artificial intelligence on cognitive functions: a review (2023) · cites this paper as Pontes et al., 2018
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that Facebook addiction has been linked to poorer ability to provide emotional support and manage interpersonal conflicts in adolescents, which is relevant to social skills. It does not establish an impact on the development of those skills or address decision-making abilities. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Pontes, H. M., Taylor, M., & Stavropoulos, V.
- Affiliations
- Nottingham Trent University (GB)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Pontes, Halley M.
- Venue
- Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-04
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 240-247
- ISSN
- 2152-2715 (ISSN-L)
- 2152-2723
- OpenAlex
- W2795114958
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 38.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- vuir.vu.edu.au
- Locations
- Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BIROn (Birkbeck, University of London) (acceptedVersion)
- Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (acceptedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- UTAS Research Repository (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Digital Media and Philosophy
- Keywords
- Facebook addiction, fear of missing out, maladaptive cognitions, psychiatric distress, emotional dysregulation, behavioral addiction, online social interaction, predictors of addiction, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Fear, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Stress, Psychological, Behavior, Addictive, Young Adult, Social Networking, Social Media
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