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Cited by 409

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 234 of the 234 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Kernel Mean Embedding of Distributions: A Review and Beyond

Open access
Muandet, Krikamol, Fukumizu, Kenji, Sriperumbudur, Bharath, Schölkopf, Bernhard·2017·Foundations and Trends® in Machine Learning
DOI 10.1561/2200000060
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Abstract

A Hilbert space embedding of a distribution—in short, a kernel mean embedding—has recently emerged as a powerful tool for machine learning and statistical inference. The basic idea behind this framework is to map distributions into a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) in which the whole arsenal of kernel methods can be extended to probability measures. It can be viewed as a generalization of the original “feature map” common to support vector machines (SVMs) and other kernel methods. In addition to the classical applications of kernel methods, the kernel mean embedding has found novel applications in fields ranging from probabilistic modeling to statistical inference, causal discovery, and deep learning. This survey aims to give a comprehensive review of existing work and recent advances in this research area, and to discuss challenging issues and open problems that could potentially lead to new research directions. The survey begins with a brief introduction to the RKHS and positive definite kernels which forms the backbone of this survey, followed by a thorough discussion of the Hilbert space embedding of marginal distributions, theoretical guarantees, and a review of its applications. The embedding of distributions enables us to apply RKHS methods to probability measures which prompts a wide range of applications such as kernel two-sample testing, independent testing, and learning on distributional data. Next, we discuss the Hilbert space embedding for conditional distributions, give theoretical insights, and review some applications. The conditional mean embedding enables us to perform sum, product, and Bayes' rules—which are ubiquitous in graphical model, probabilistic inference, and reinforcement learning— in a non-parametric way using this new representation of distributions. We then discuss relationships between this framework and other related areas. Lastly, we give some suggestions on future research directions.

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Metadata

Authors
Muandet, K., Fukumizu, K., Sriperumbudur, B., & Schölkopf, B.
Venue
Foundations and Trends® in Machine Learning
Publisher
Emerald
Published
2017
Volume
10
Issue
1-2
Pages
1-141
ISSN
  • 1935-8237 (ISSN-L)
  • 1935-8245
DOI
10.1561/2200000060
OpenAlex
W2418306335
Cited by
409
References
234
FWCI
15.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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