Smoking and stroke: the more you smoke the more you stroke
Open accessAbstract
Cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor for all forms of stroke. While both the general public and the global healthcare system are aware of the vascular risks associated with smoking, the prevalence of tobacco use has remained largely unchanged over the last quarter of a century. Approximately one in five US adults are classified as regular smokers, with the initiation of smoking typically occurring during the teenage years. Although the increased risk of stroke associated with smoking is generally acknowledged, it is less well recognized that considerable scientific evidence implicates a strong dose-response relationship between smoking and stroke risk. In this article, we summarize the literature regarding smoking-related stroke risk, the dose-response relationship, and the costs of this detrimental habit to both the individual and society as a whole.
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Elevated childhood BMIs in the highest quartile were associated with premature death as an adult in a cohort of 4857 American Indian children during a median follow-up of 23.9 years.
“Elevated childhood BMIs in the highest quartile were associated with premature death as an adult in a cohort of 4857 American Indian children during a median follow-up of 23.9 years.35”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [35]
In that cohort, among 814 participants aged 5-19, baseline metabolic syndrome was linked to higher DM risk 25-30 years later (OR 11.5, 95% CI 2.1-63.7).
“Another analysis of 814 participants of this cohort showed that those 5 to 19 years of age who had metabolic syndrome at baseline had an increased risk of having DM 25 to 30 years later compared with those who did not have the syndrome at baseline (OR, 11.5; 95% CI, 2.1–63.7).35”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [35]
CKD patients were less often given standard MI therapies.
“In addition, patients with CKD were less likely to receive standard therapies for the treatment of MI.35”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [35]
A possible reason for more CVD events in CKD patients is that they receive fewer standard MI therapies.
“One potential explanation for the higher CVD event rate in patients with CKD is the low uptake of standard therapies for patients presenting with MI.”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [35]
An ACTION registry analysis found substantially higher mortality among patients who presented with CKD.
“In a recent analysis from the Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network (ACTION) registry, patients presenting with CKD had a substantially higher mortality rate.”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [35]
It is estimated that one third of episodes meeting the classic TIA definition, focal neurological deficits resolving within 24 hours, would be classified as infarctions on diffusion-weighted MRI.
“It is estimated that one third of episodes characterized as TIA according to the classic definition (ie, focal neurological deficits that resolve within 24 hours) would be considered infarctions on the basis of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging findings.35”
From Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association (2013) · cites this paper as [35]
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- Authors
- Shah, R. S., & Cole, J. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- ORCID
- Cole, John W
- Venue
- Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-07
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 917-932
- ISSN
- 1477-9072 (ISSN-L)
- 1744-8344
- PMC
- PMC2928253
- OpenAlex
- W2159692302
- Cited by
- 498
- References
- 107
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 75 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 1.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS045012)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01-RR165001)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, stroke, dose-response relationship, tobacco use prevalence, smoking initiation, vascular risk factors, economic burden of smoking
- MeSH terms
- Cost-Benefit Analysis, Humans, Smoking, Prevalence, Smoking Cessation, Health Care Costs, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Risk Assessment, Stroke
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