Bos grunniens and Bos mutus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)

May combine two claims.

Consistently low temperatures and low primary productivity in the range of the wild yak, and most domestic yaks, result in a strategy of heat conservation rather than heat production, although digestive efficiency of low-quality forage may be enhanced.

“Consistently low temperatures and low primary productivity in the range of the wild yak, and most domestic yaks, result in a strategy of heat conservation rather heat production (Sarkar et al. 1999a;Wiener et al. 2003), although digestive efficiency of low-quality forage may be enhanced (Richmond et al. 1977;Schaefer et al. 1978).”

• cites Sarkar et al. 1999aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Richmond et al. 1977 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Competition between wild and domestic yaks, and possible disease transmission, are problems.

“Competition between wild and domestic yaks, and possible disease transmission, are problems (Banks et al. 2003;Fox et al. 2002;Mishra et al. 2001)”

• cites Banks et al. 2003 sourceCould not verify

  The Contemporary local-level arrangements section discusses livestock numbers exceeding pasture carrying capacity, but not competition between wild and domestic yaks. Searches for wild-yak competition and disease transmission found no passage addressing either claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Fox et al. 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Mishra et al. 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Roads can cause unintentional habitat degradation and reduced carrying capacity for wildlife.

“Roads can cause unintentional habitat degradation (Banks 2003;Banks et al. 2003) and reduced carrying capacity for wildlife (Schaller 1998).”

• cites Banks 2003 sourceCould not verify

  The cited paper discusses grassland degradation and pastoral management, but the supplied passages and searches for roads, habitat degradation, and road construction found no passage linking roads to habitat degradation. The sentence attributes reduced carrying capacity for wildlife to Schaller (1998), not to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.76)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Banks et al. 2003 sourceCould not verify

  The citation to Banks et al. is attached to the habitat-degradation clause; the wildlife carrying-capacity clause cites Schaller instead. Our copy discusses grassland degradation and pasture management, but searches for roads and road-related habitat degradation found no passage addressing whether roads cause it. The available passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.74)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bos grunniens numbers about 14 million.

“B. grunniens numbers about 14 million.”

• cites Harris 2008Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wiener et al 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Zhang et al. 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Wild yak calves at 3 months of age (62.5 kg, n=5) are nearly twice as large as domestic yak calves (33.6 kg, n=19), but in captivity, calves grow slower relative to their weight such that at 16 months old, the wild yak is 63% heavier than the domestic yak.

“Wild yak calves at 3 months of age (62.5 kg, n 5 5) are nearly twice as large as domestic yak calves (33.6 kg, n 5 19), but in captivity, calves grow slower relative to their weight such that at 16 months old, the wild yak is 63% heavier than the domestic yak (Wiener et al. 2003).”

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Semen of the wild yak has 2.13 x 10^10 spermatozoa/ml with motility of 63% (about twice that in domestic yaks), defective rate of 6.3%, pH of 6.6, specific gravity of 1.055, and osmotic pressure of 0.65.

“Semen of the wild yak has 2.13 3 10 10 spermatozoa/ml with motility of 63% (about twice that in domestic yaks), defective rate of 6.3%, pH of 6.6, specific gravity of 1.055, and osmotic pressure of 0.65 (Lu 2000).”

• cites Lu 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Yeniugou, Qinghai, a particularly large male wild yak had a basal circumference of 45 cm.

“In Yeniugou (''Wild Yak Valley''), Qinghai, a particularly large male had a basal circumference of 45 cm (Miller et al. 1994).”

• cites Miller et al. 1994Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The ratio of right-to-left ventricular weight of the heart is 0.37, lower than would be expected if a species experienced chronic hypertension due to high elevation, as is seen in domestic cattle.

“The ratio of right-to-left ventricular weight of the heart is 0.37, lower than would be expected if a species experienced chronic hypertension due to high elevation, as is seen in domestic cattle (Heath et al. 1984).”

• cites Heath et al. 1984 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

A recent sample of 53 adult male and 12 adult female wild yaks from the Chang Tang provides horn measurements: length of outside curve, male 47.5-99.0 cm, female 37.0-64.5 cm; basal circumference, male 26.0-42.0 cm, female 17.5-23.0 cm; tip-to-tip, male 26-83 cm, female 18-67 cm.

“A recent sample of 53 adult male and 12 adult female wild yaks from the Chang Tang provides a contemporary reference (cm): length of outside curve, male 47.5-99.0,female 37.0-64.5;basal circumference, male 26.0-42.0,female 17.5-23.0;and tip-to-tip, male 26-83, female 18-67 (Schaller 1998).”

• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Male wild yaks occur often on gentle slopes, and female herds occur more often on high hills and upper slopes.

“Male wild yaks occur often on gentle slopes, and female herds occur more often on high hills and upper slopes (Harris 1993;Miller et al. 1994;Schaller 1998).”

• cites Harris 1993Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Miller et al. 1994Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Of 507 wild male yaks observed in the Aru Basin, 36% were alone, 43% in groups of 2-5, 13% in groups of 6-10, and the rest in groups up to 19.

“Of 507 wild male yaks observed in the Aru Basin, 36% were alone, 43% in groups of 2-5, 13% in groups of 6-10, and the rest in groups up to 19.”

May combine two claims.

To the west in Chang Tang, percentages of calves to females were considerably lower and ranged from 1.0% to 12.7% in the early 1990s, with 2 years of apparent reproductive failure or loss of all offspring to predators.

“To the west in Chang Tang, percentages of calves to females were considerably lower and ranged from 1.0% to 12.7% in the early 1990s, with 2 years of apparent reproductive failure or loss of all offspring to predators (Schaller 1998).”

• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The wild yak occurs in greatest abundance on alpine meadows, less so in alpine steppe, and is scarce in desert steppe.

“The wild yak occurs in greatest abundance on alpine meadows, less so in alpine steppe, and is scarce in desert steppe (Schaller and Liu 1996).”

• cites Schaller and Liu 1996 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Ratios of young of the year to adult + juvenile females in Yeniugou, Qinghai, were 20 calves : 100 females and ranged from 9.7 to 49.0 in various herds.

“Ratios of young of the year to adult + juvenile (2-3 year olds) females in Yeniugou, Qinghai, were 20 calves : 100 females and ranged from 9.7 to 49.0 in various herds (Miller et al. 1994).”

• cites Miller et al. 1994Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Both sexes of yaks have nearly smooth, cylindrical, gray-to-black horns, but those of males are larger and longer and sweep outward and forward more than the upright smaller horns of females.

“Both sexes have nearly smooth, cylindrical, gray-to-black horns, but those of males are larger and longer and sweep outward and forward more than the upright smaller horns of females”

• cites Allen 1940Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Blanford 1888Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Bos grunniens is maintained widely in China and other parts of Central Asia, and uncommonly elsewhere in the world.

“B. grunniens is maintained widely in China and other parts of Central Asia, and uncommonly elsewhere in the world.”

May combine two claims.

Female domestic yaks are about 35% lighter than males, which is probably similar for wild yaks.

“Female domestic yaks are about 35% lighter than males, which is probably similar for wild yaks (Buchholtz and Sambraus 1990;Przewalski 1876;Schaller 1998).”

• cites Buchholtz and Sambraus 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Przewalski 1876Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The largest numbers of Bos mutus occur in northern Tibet and western Qinghai.

“the largest numbers occur in northern Tibet and western Qinghai.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Five of the 9 genera in Bovinae are currently considered in the tribe Bovini: Bison, Bos, Bubalus, Pseudoryx, and Syncerus.

“Five of the 9 genera in Bovinae (Grubb 2005) are currently considered in the tribe Bovini: Bison, Bos, Bubalus, Pseudoryx, and Syncerus.”

• cites Grubb 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The subfamily Bovinae has 9 genera.

“The subfamily Bovinae has 9 genera (Grubb 2005)”

• cites Grubb 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Populations of Bos mutus are substantially reduced and fragmented throughout its remaining range.

“Populations of B. mutus are substantially reduced and fragmented throughout its remaining range”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

No complete survey of Bos mutus has been conducted.

“Although no complete survey of B. mutus has been conducted”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Bos mutus inhabits remote high-elevation alpine meadows and alpine steppe in rolling to mountainous terrain in the Tibetan Plateau.

“B. mutus inhabits remote high-elevation alpine meadows and alpine steppe in rolling to mountainous terrain in the Tibetan Plateau”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Bos mutus is generally considered the largest in the genus Bos and the 3rd largest extant mammal in Asia after the Asian elephant and Indian rhinoceros.

“B. mutus is generally considered the largest in the genus and the 3rd largest extant mammal in Asia (Harris 2008) after the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus-Shoshani and Eisenberg 1982) and Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis- Laurie et al. 1983).”

• cites Harris 2008Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Shoshani and Eisenberg 1982 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Laurie et al. 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Taurina group was thought to have arisen from a common ancestor, Proleptobos, at the beginning of the late Miocene.

“The Taurina group was thought to have arisen from a common ancestor, Proleptobos, at the beginning of the late Miocene (Groves 1981;Pilgrim 1939).”

• cites Groves 1981 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pilgrim 1939Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pilgrim (1939) considered the yak to be a species of Poephagus and placed it in his Taurina group that included Bos, Bibos, and Bison.

“Pilgrim (1939:253) considered the yak to be a species of Poephagus and, based on the fossil record, placed it in his Taurina group that included Bos, Bibos, and Bison.”

• cites Pilgrim 1939Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Body mass of adult male wild yaks has been estimated at >800 kg and as high as 1,000 kg and 1,200 kg; females are about 350 kg.

“Body mass (kg) of adult male wild yaks has been estimated at .800 kg (Engelmann 1938) and as high as 1,000 kg (Scha ¨fer 1937;Wiener et al. 2003:43) and 1,200 kg (Lu 2000;Lu and Li 1994); females are about 350 kg (Schaller 1998).”

• cites Engelmann 1938Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Schafer 1937Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Both forms of yak are highly adapted for existence under extreme conditions of low temperature, high elevation and associated low oxygen availability, extreme solar radiation at southern latitudes, and relatively arid conditions.

“Both forms are highly adapted for existence under extreme conditions of low temperature, high elevation and associated low oxygen availability, extreme solar radiation at southern latitudes, and relatively arid conditions (e.g., Jianlin et al. 2002;Wiener et al. 2003).”

• cites Jianlin et al. 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A skull and mandible from a single wild yak have been described from Quaternary deposits in the Pakistani Himalayas.

“A skull and mandible from a single wild yak have been described from Quaternary deposits in the Pakistani Himalayas (Thewissen et al. 1997).”

• cites Thewissen et al. 1997 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Bovinae differentiated considerably during the late Miocene, giving rise to early forms such as Proleptobos, Proamphibos, and Parabos.

“Bovinae differentiated considerably during the late Miocene (McKenna and Bell 1997:445), giving rise to the early forms such as Proleptobos, Proamphibos, and Parabos (Pilgrim 1939).”

• cites McKenna and Bell 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Pilgrim 1939Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Areas to the south in India may have been the developmental centre, or close to it, of Bovinae because from the Miocene onward the number and variety of Bovine fossil genera found in India is out of all proportion to other parts of the world.

“areas to the south in India may have been the ''developmental centre,'' or close to it, of Bovinae because from the Miocene ''onward the number and variety of Bovine [fossil] genera found in India is out of all proportion to what is the case in other parts of the world'' (Pilgrim 1939:27).”

• cites Pilgrim 1939Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Despite the reserve network, extant populations of Bos mutus and other Tibetan Plateau fauna are still threatened by human activities, including illegal harvest, mining activities and associated roads, and competition with domestic livestock.

“Despite this impressive reserve network, extant populations of Bos mutus and other Tibetan Plateau fauna are still threatened by human activities, including illegal harvest, mining activities and associated roads, and competition with domestic livestock”

• cites Harris 2008Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Leslie and Schaller 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Relative to mass, a small female wild yak may be only one-third the size of a large male; in contrast, female domestic yaks are 25-50% smaller.

“Relative to mass, a small female wild yak may be only one-third the size of a large male; in contrast, female domestic yaks are 25-50% smaller (Harris 2008;Miller et al. 1994;Wiener et al. 2003).”

• cites Harris 2008Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Miller et al. 1994Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Pilgrim (1939) concluded that Poephagus shared characters most associated with Bibos and Bison, but their common hypothetical ancestor that lived before the late Pliocene has not been identified.

“Pilgrim (1939:327) concluded that Poephagus shared characters most associated with Bibos and Bison, but their common ''hypothetical'' ancestor that lived before the late Pliocene has not been identified.”

• cites Pilgrim 1939Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Recent protection from illegal hunting may be permitting wild yaks to recolonize former habitat and increase in numbers.

“Recent protection from illegal hunting may be permitting wild yaks to recolonize former habitat and increase in numbers (Harris et al. 2005;Harris and Loggers 2004;Schaller et al. 2005).”

• cites Harris et al. 2005Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Harris and Loggers 2004 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schaller et al. 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

About 14 million domestic yaks occur from Afghanistan east through China (about 90%) and northward in Mongolia and Russia, with more elsewhere in the world where ambient conditions permit.

“About 14 million domestic yaks occur from Afghanistan east through China (about 90%) and northward in Mongolia and Russia, with more elsewhere in the world where ambient conditions permit (Harris 2008;Wiener et al 2003;Zhang et al. 1994).”

• cites Harris 2008Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wiener et al 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Zhang et al. 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Most published research that relates to form and function has been conducted on the domestic yak, but results likely parallel, or even understate, characteristics and adaptations of the wild yak under wild conditions.

“Most of the published research that relates to form and function has been conducted on the domestic yak, but results likely parallel, or even understate, characteristics and adaptations of the wild yak under wild conditions (Jianlin et al. 2002;Wiener et al. 2003).”

• cites Jianlin et al. 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The core range of the wild yak has shrunk northward, and only isolated and fragmented populations occur south and east of that core area in northern Tibet and northwestern Qinghai.

“The core range of the wild yak has shrunk northward, and only isolated and fragmented populations occur south and east of that core area in northern Tibet and northwestern Qinghai (Fig. 2).”

• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The yak remained in western Asia, but Bison lineages spread north and eventually crossed the Bering Land Bridge into North America sometime in the middle to late Pleistocene.

“The yak remained in western Asia, but Bison lineages spread north and eventually crossed the Bering Land Bridge into North America sometime in the middle to late Pleistocene (McDonald 1981;Meagher 1986).”

• cites McDonald 1981Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Meagher 1986Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Most agree that both yak and Bison evolved in central Asia from a common ancestor.

“Most agree that both evolved in central Asia from a common ancestor (Groves 1981).”

• cites Groves 1981 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The wild yak is currently restricted to a small part of Indian Ladak and Chinese provinces of Tibet, Qinghai, and Xinjiang, with 1 isolated population on the border of Qinghai and Gansu and another near the northern border of Tibet and Nepal.

“It is currently restricted to a small part of Indian Ladak (Fox et al. 1991;Ul-Haq 2002) and Chinese provinces of Tibet, Qinghai, and Xinjiang, with 1 isolated population on the border of Qinghai and Gansu and another near the northern boarder of Tibet and Nepal (Achuff and Petocz 1988;R. B. Harris, pers. comm.;Miller et al. 1994;Schaller 1998; Fig. 2).”

• cites Fox et al. 1991 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ul-Haq 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Down fibers grow dense in winter, particularly on the neck, shoulders, and back, increasing to 17-30% of the pelage by weight in winter.

“Down fibers grow dense in winter, particularly on the neck, shoulders, and back increasing to 17-30% of the pelage by weight in winter (Xi et al. 1983).”

• cites Xi et al. 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Isotope analyses of fossil and extant herbivores from Kunlun Basin suggest that the climate was milder and wetter and habitat diversity greater in the Pliocene 2-3 million years ago than they are now.

“Isotope analyses of fossil and extant herbivores from Kunlun Basin in the northern Tibetan Plateau suggest that the climate was milder and wetter and habitat diversity greater in the Pliocene 2-3 million years ago than they are now (Wang et al. 2008)”

• cites Wang et al. 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The majority of female yaks breed for the 1st time at 3-4 years of age, but this, and annual timing of estrus, varies depending on climate, latitude, elevation, and availability of nutritious forage.

“The majority of females breed for the 1st time at 3-4 years of age, but this, and annual timing of estrus, varies depending on climate, latitude, elevation, and availability of nutritious forage (Wiener et al. 2003;Yu and Li 2001;Zi 2003).”

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Yu and Li 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Zi 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

No information exists on replacement and wear of teeth in wild yaks, but they have been evaluated in domestic yaks.

“No information exists on replacement and wear of teeth in wild yaks, but they have been evaluated in domestic yaks (Pal et al. 2002).”

• cites Pal et al. 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Wear of permanent incisors is purported to be useful in aging after 5 years, albeit specific standards were not provided by Pal et al. (2002).

“Wear of permanent incisors is purported to be useful in aging after 5 years, albeit specific standards were not provided by Pal et al. (2002).”

• cites Pal et al. 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Adaptations to the cold are so developed that even the domestic yak shows signs of heat exhaustion when ambient temperatures exceed 13°C; heart rate and respiration increase and most activity ceases when ambient temperatures approach 20°C.

“Adaptations to the cold are so developed that even the domestic yak shows signs of heat exhaustion when ambient temperatures exceed 13uC; heart rate and respiration increase and most activity ceases when ambient temperatures approach 20uC (Li et al. 1981not seen, cited in Wiener et al. 2003).”

• cites Li et al. 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Estrus generally lasts <1 day.

“Estrus generally lasts ,1 day (Sarkar and Prakash 2005).”

• cites Sarkar and Prakash 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Such adaptations allow yaks to forage like cattle on long grasses or like sheep on grasses as short as 2-3 cm.

“Such adaptations allow yaks to forage like cattle on long grasses or like sheep on grasses as short as 2-3 cm.”

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Unlike domestic cattle, domestic yak neonates are not born with their deciduous incisors; the 1st pair erupts after about 1 week, with successive pairs erupting weekly thereafter ending at 4 weeks of age; fully erupted deciduous incisors are 1.2-1.6 cm in length and 0.6-1.1 cm in width.

“Unlike domestic cattle, domestic yak neonates are not born with their deciduous incisors; the 1st pair erupts after about 1 week, with successive pairs erupting weekly thereafter ending at 4 weeks of age; fully erupted deciduous incisors are 1.2-1.6 cm in length and 0.6-1.1 cm in width (Pal et al. 2002).”

• cites Pal et al. 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Relative percentages of the rumen and omasum of the domestic yak are about 50% larger and 200% smaller, respectively, than in some domestic cattle breeds; the former maximizes intake and microbial fermentation of low-quality forages.

“Relative percentages of the rumen and omasum of the domestic yak are about 50% larger and 200% smaller, respectively, than in some domestic cattle breeds-the former maximizes intake and microbial fermentation of low-quality forages (Wiener et al. 2003).”

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Horns of male and female wild yaks vary in size and shape and are far more massive in males.

“Horns of male and female wild yaks vary in size and shape and are far more massive in males (Fig. 3).”

• cites Allen 1940Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

These characteristics parallel the penal morphology in the genus Bibos and in Bos frontalis and B. javanicus but are disparate from B. taurus.

“These characteristics parallel the penal morphology in the genus Bibos and in Bos frontalis and B. javanicus but are disparate from B. taurus (Allen 1940).”

• cites Allen 1940Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In Tibet, average annual temperatures are only -4°C and winter temperatures as low as -40°C are common; most areas have no frost-free days.

“In Tibet, average annual temperatures are only 24uC and winter temperatures as low as 240uC are common; most areas have no frost-free days.”

May combine two claims.

Generally, 1-4 estrous cycles of about 20 days each occur during summer, and up to 75% of female domestic yaks conceive during their 1st estrus of the year.

“Generally, 1-4 estrous cycles of about 20 days each occur during summer, and up to 75% of female domestic yaks conceive during their 1st estrus of the year.”

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Both wild and domestic yaks are seasonal breeders.

“Both wild and domestic yaks are seasonal breeders (Zi 2003).”

• cites Zi 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Adaptations for heat conservation include a compact body, despite a large mass, with relatively short legs, neck, and ears and a low surface-to-volume ratio; thick pelage particularly on neck, back, and rump; pelage and skin pigmentation always dark in the wild yak; thick unwrinkled skin with nonfunctional apocrine sweat glands; and a thick, but seasonal, subcutaneous fat layer.

“Adaptations for heat conservation include a compact body, despite a large mass, with relatively short legs, neck, and ears and a low surfaceto-volume ratio; thick pelage particularly on neck, back, and rump; pelage and skin pigmentation always dark in the wild yak to minimize effects of intense solar radiation but maximize heat absorption; thick unwrinkled skin with nonfunctional apocrine sweat”

• cites Wiener et al 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The mouth is broad, muzzle small, and lips flexible; incisors have flat grinding surfaces, and the tongue is broad and blunt with highly cutinized and developed papillae.

“The mouth is broad, muzzle small, and lips flexible.Incisors have flat grinding surfaces, and the tongue is broad and blunt with highly cutinized and developed papillae.”

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Gestation is 258-270 days, and premature termination of pregnancies from unknown causes can be 5-10% in domestic yaks.

“Gestation is 258-270 days, and premature termination of pregnancies from unknown causes can be 5-10% in domestic yaks (Wiener et al. 2003).”

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Sense of smell is keen; eye sight and hearing less so.

“Sense of smell is keen; eye sight and hearing less so (Blanford 1888;Bower 1894).”

• cites Blanford 1888Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Bower 1894Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Four mammae are present, and the udder is small and haired.

“Four mammae are present, and the udder is small and haired.”

May combine two claims.

Female reproductive organs of domestic yaks differ by breed and from those of domestic cattle; cervix averages 5.0 cm long and 3.2 cm in diameter with 3 or 4 transverse circles each with small tight folds; corpus uteri are short, averaging 2.1 cm; and ovarian weight is only 2 g.

“Female reproductive organs of domestic yaks differ by breed and from those of domestic cattle; cervix averages 5.0 cm long and 3.2 cm in diameter with 3 or 4 transverse circles each with small tight folds; corpus uteri are short, averaging 2.1 cm; and ovarian weight is only 2 g (Cui and Yu 1999a;Li 1980 not seen, cited in Wiener et al. 2003).”

• cites Cui and Yu 1999aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Li 1980Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Numbers of vertebrae in yaks are 7 cervical, 14 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 14 caudal, total 45.

“Numbers of vertebrae are 7 C, 14 T, 5 L, 5 S, 14 Ca, total 45 (Vasey 1857).”

• cites Vasey 1857Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Shoulder heights of wild yak are 175-203 cm for adult males and 137-156 cm for adult females; 1 newborn was 67 cm at the shoulder.

“Shoulder heights (cm) of wild yak are 175-203 for adult males and 137-156 for adult females (Schaller 1998); 1 newborn was 67 cm at the shoulder (Zhang et al. 1994).”

• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Zhang et al. 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Dental formula of adult yaks is i 0/4, c 0/0, p 3/3, m 3/3, total 32.

“Dental formula of adult yaks is: i 0/4, c 0/0, p 3/3, m 3/3, total 32.”

May combine two claims.

At about 2 years of age, the 1st pair of deciduous incisors is replaced by permanent incisors, and that process continues until about 5 years of age; fully erupted permanent incisors are 0.8-2.0 cm in length and 0.8-1.4 cm in width.

“At about 2 years of age, the 1st pair of deciduous incisors is replaced by permanent incisors, and that process continues until about 5 years of age; fully erupted permanent incisors are 0.8-2.0cm in length and 0.8-1.4cm in width (Pal et al. 2002).”

• cites Pal et al. 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Parturition of the domestic yak occurs during the day, rarely at night, in a sheltered location away from the herd.

“Parturition of the domestic yak occurs during the day, rarely at night, in a sheltered location away from the herd (Wiener et al. 2003).”

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Most of the Tibetan Plateau has sparse vegetative cover (about 10-15% in alpine steppe of the Chang Tang) with low primary productivity (80-160 kg/ha dry matter).

“Most of the Tibetan Plateau has sparse vegetative cover (e.g., only about 10-15% in alpine steppe of the Chang Tang-Schaller and Ren 1988) with low primary productivity (80-160 kg/ha dry matter -Schaller 1998;Schaller et al. 2005)”

• cites Schaller and Ren 1988 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Schaller et al. 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Domestic yaks generally produce a calf every other year, or longer, which parallels observation of wild yaks.

“Domestic yaks generally produce a calf every other year, or longer (Buchholtz and Sambraus 1990;Wiener et al. 2003), which parallels observation of wild yaks (Miller et al. 1994;Schaller 1998).”

• cites Buchholtz and Sambraus 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Miller et al. 1994Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Offspring are precocial and attempt to stand within about 10 min postpartum; 1st nursing occurs 11-30 min postpartum and may last 3-5 min.

“Offspring are precocial and attempt to stand within about 10 min postpartum; 1st nursing occurs 11-30 min postpartum and may last 3-5 min (Wiener et al. 2003).”

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The wild yak is not migratory, typically moves up and down slopes seasonally to take advantage of the best forage availability, and may shift ranges seasonally or if harassed.

“The wild yak is not migratory, typically moves up and down slopes seasonally to take advantage of the best forage availability, and may shift ranges seasonally or if harassed (Schaller 1998).”

• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The wild yak is capable of long-distance and unpredictable movements, some of which may be associated with avoidance of human activities.

“The wild yak is capable of long-distance and unpredictable movements (Harris 1993(Harris , 2008)), some of which may be associated with avoidance of human activities.”

• cites Harris 1993Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Harris 2008Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Peak productivity of female domestic yaks occurs at 5-6 years old and declines after 9 years of age.

“Peak productivity of female domestic yaks occurs at 5-6 years old and declines after 9 years of age.”

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Tibetan Plateau contains as many as 17 vegetation types, but alpine meadows (45%), alpine steppe (29%), and desert-type grasslands and steppe (14%) comprise 88% of the land cover.

“The Tibetan Plateau contains as many as 17 vegetation types, but alpine meadows (45%), alpine steppe (29%), and desert-type grasslands and steppe (14%) comprise 88% of the land cover (Sheehy et al. 2006).”

• cites Sheehy et al. 2006Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Twinning is rare, <0.5% of births of domestic yaks.

“Twinning is rare, ,0.5% of births of domestic yaks.”

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Preferred habitats in Chang Tang include partially glaciated mountains with slopes of alpine meadows, seasonally lush alpine steppe that may green up 2-3 weeks before the plains, and edges of streams.

“Preferred habitats in Chang Tang include partially glaciated mountains with slopes of alpine meadows, seasonally lush alpine steppe that may green up 2-3 weeks before the plains, and edges of streams (Schaller 1998).”

• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Milk from the domestic yak is high in fat (5.4-7.2%), protein (4.9-5.3%), lactose (4.5-5.0%), and milk solids (16.9-17.7%), with average daily yields of 0.8-3.0 kg, depending on breed, food availability, and weather; colostrum is 2-3 times richer than milk.

“Milk from the domestic yak is high in fat (5.4-7.2%), protein (4.9-5.3%),lactose (4.5-5.0%), and milk solids (16.9-17.7%),with average daily yields of 0.8-3.0kg, depending on breed, food availability, and weather; colostrum is 2-3 times richer than milk (Wiener et al. 2003).”

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Many serious disease- and mortality-causing pathogens of domestic cattle can be transmitted to, and many have been found in, domestic yaks, including bacterial and viral diseases.

“Many of the serious disease-and mortality-causing pathogens of domestic cattle can be transmitted to, and many of them have been found in, domestic yaks (Dorji et al. 2003;Pal and Kar 1999), including bacterial (anthrax, brucellosis, bovine pleuropneumonia, Chlamydia, and Salmonella [Sharma et al. 1996]) and viral (foot-and-mouth disease [Barman et al. 1999] and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)”

• cites Dorji et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Pal and Kar 1999Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sharma et al. 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In autumn, grasses dominate (68.8%) the diet of wild yaks in Yeniugou, and sedges become less important (25.3%).

“In autumn, grasses dominate (68.8%) the diet of wild yaks in Yeniugou, and sedges become less important (25.3%-Miller et al. 1994).”

• cites Miller et al. 1994Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Various ecto- and endoparasites infect domestic yaks and probably wild yaks.

“Various ecto-and endoparasites, such as warble fly larvae (Li et al. 2004), ticks (Haemaphysalis-Yin et al. 2002), and the bladder larval tapeworm Coenurus cerebralis (Sharma and Chauhan 2006), among others (Dorji et al. 2003;Heath et al. 1984), infect domestic yaks and probably wild yaks.”

• cites Li et al. 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Yin et al. 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sharma and Chauhan 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Depredation of domestic yaks can represent 60% of the total livestock losses in India.

“but depredation of domestic yaks can represent 60% of the total livestock losses in India (Namgail et al. 2007).”

• cites Namgail et al. 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Yak dung is purported to make a greater total energetic contribution to the nomadic way of life than all other yak by-products combined.

“yak dung is purported to make a greater total energetic contribution to the nomadic way of life than all other yak by-products combined (Rhode et al. 2007).”

• cites Rhode et al. 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Wild and domestic yaks interbreed when wild males enter domestic herds and commonly abscond with females, generally not considered desirable by pastoralists.

“Wild and domestic yaks interbreed when wild males enter domestic herds and commonly abscond with females, generally not considered desirable by pastoralists (Harris 2008).”

• cites Harris 2008Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Humans apparently occupied the low-elevation periphery of the Tibetan Plateau for 30,000 years, making only seasonal forays into high-elevation areas; permanent occupation of the Plateau occurred 6,000-8,200 years ago.

“Humans apparently have occupied the low-elevation periphery of the Tibetan Plateau for 30,000 years, making only seasonal forays into high-elevation areas; archeological evidence suggests that permanent occupation of the Plateau occurred 6,000-8,200 years ago (Brantingham et al. 2007).”

• cites Brantingham et al. 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Wild yaks can be sympatric with chiru, Tibetan gazelle, kiang, bharal, Tibetan argali, and occasionally white-lipped deer.

“Wild yaks can be sympatric with chiru or Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii- Leslie and Schaller 2008), Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata-Schaller 1998), kiang or Tibetan wild ass (Equus kiang-St-Louis and Co ˆte ´2009), bharal or blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur-Wang and Hoffmann 1987), Tibetan argali (Ovis ammon hodgsoni-Fedosenko and Blank 2005), and occasionally others, such as white-lipp”

• cites Leslie and Schaller 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites St-Louis and Côté 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Feces of wolves contain 0-10.4% yak in various parts of Tibet, Qinghai, and Xinjiang.

“Feces of wolves (Canis lupus) contain 0-10.4% yak in various parts of Tibet, Qinghai, and Xinjiang (Schaller 1998)”

• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In Yeniugou, Qinghai, groups of 10-245 female wild yaks with their young of the year and yearling offspring, juveniles, barren females, and adult males (about 4% of the herd) were observed in summer; male-only groups averaged 6.2.

“In Yeniugou, Qinghai, groups of 10-245 female wild yaks with their young of the year and yearling offspring, juveniles, barren females, and adult males (about 4% of the herd) were observed in summer; male-only groups averaged 6.2 (Harris 1993;Miller et al. 1994).”

• cites Harris 1993Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Miller et al. 1994Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For centuries to the present day, nomadic pastoralists have depended on domestic yaks for transportation and sustenance, consuming milk, butter, and meat, and using by-products of culling for clothing, tents, leather goods, and medicinal purposes.

“For centuries to the present day, nomadic pastoralists have depended on domestic yaks for transportation and sustenance (Fig. 6), consuming milk, butter, and meat, and using by-products of culling for clothing, tents, leather goods, and medicinal (5 blood) purposes (Anderson 1912;Ekvall 1968;Goldstein and Beall 1990;Jiang 2002;Kala 2005;Wu 2003;Zhang et al. 1994).”

• cites Anderson 1912 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ekvall 1968Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Goldstein and Beall 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The yak has a diploid chromosome number (2n) of 60 and fundamental number (FN) of 62 with 58 acrocentric and subacrocentric autosomes and no metacentric or submetacentric autosomes.

“Similar to congeners, the yak has a diploid chromosome number (2n) of 60 and fundamental number (FN) of 62 with 58 acrocentric and subacrocentric autosomes and no metacentric or submetacentric autosomes (Das et al. 2004;Gupta et al. 1996;Prasad 1997;Tu et al. 2000;Wurster and Benirschke 1968).”

• cites Das et al. 2004Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gupta et al. 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Prasad 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

During rut, male wild yaks do not establish a territory or harem apart from a herd or each other, but wander day and night and attempt to tend and breed receptive females within existing herds.

“During rut, males do not establish a territory or harem apart from a herd or each other, but rather they ''wander day and night'' (Przewalski 1876:192) and attempt to tend and breed receptive females within existing herds (Schaller 1998;Wiener et al. 2003).”

• cites Przewalski 1876Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Observations from domestic yaks are likely comparable to wild yaks for reproductive behavior, although intensity, duration, and timing probably vary between the two forms.

May combine two claims.

Wild yaks are at serious risk of disease transmission from association with domestic yaks, which frequently associate with domestic cattle, particularly on winter range.

“Currently, no known pathogen or disease singularly affects extant populations of wild yaks, but they are at serious risk of disease transmission from association with domestic yaks, which frequently associate with domestic cattle, particularly on winter range (Dorji et al. 2003).”

• cites Dorji et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: No known pathogen or disease singularly affects extant populations of wild yaks.

May combine two claims.

Rutting male wild yaks frequently wallow on dry ground, sometimes while defecating and urinating, which distinguishes them from other Bos but parallels behavior of Bison.

“Rutting male wild yaks frequently wallow on dry ground, sometimes while defecating and urinating, which distinguishes them from other Bos but parallels behavior of Bison.”

• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In northern Chang Tang, Tibet, in November 2006, groups of male wild yaks averaged 1.7 individuals (range: 1-7, n = 93 groups); 7 female herds averaged 17.0 individuals (range: 8-24; an 8th female group had 60 individuals).

“In the northern Chang Tang, Tibet, in November 2006, groups of male wild yaks averaged 1.7 individuals (range: 1-7, n 5 93 groups); 7 female herds averaged 17.0 individuals (range: 8-24; an 8th female group had 60 individuals- Schaller et al. 2007).”

• cites Schaller et al. 2007Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

As rut commences, males maintain a dominance hierarchy by fighting each other and attain maximum breeding performance at 5-10 years, at least among domestic breeds.

“As rut commences, males maintain a dominance hierarchy by fighting each other and attain maximum breeding performance at 5-10 years, at least among domestic breeds (Wiener et al. 2003).”

• cites Wiener et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Observations from domestic yaks are likely comparable to wild yaks for reproductive behavior, although intensity, duration, and timing probably vary between the two forms.

May combine two claims.

Crossing domestic yaks with bison, zebu cattle, and other breeds of domestic cattle results in females of low fertility and sterile males.

“crossing domestic yaks with bison, zebu cattle, and other breeds of domestic cattle results in females of low fertility and sterile males (Wishart et al. 1988)”

• cites Wishart et al. 1988 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Genetic diversity of domestic yaks was very low among 6 Chinese populations in Qinghai, Gansu, and Sichuan, suggesting prior bottlenecks.

“In contrast, genetic diversity of domestic yaks was very low among 6 Chinese populations in Qinghai, Gansu, and Sichuan, suggesting prior bottlenecks (Tu et al. 1997).”

• cites Tu et al. 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The wild yak is a Class I protected species in China, and hunting has been prohibited since the early 1990s.

“It is a Class I protected species in China, and hunting has been prohibited since the early 1990s (Schaller 1998).”

• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Chinese government has made significant progress in establishing and expanding a reserve network to protect all wild fauna of the Tibetan Plateau.

“The Chinese government has made significant progress in establishing and expanding a reserve network to protect all wild fauna of the Tibetan Plateau (Schaller 1998).”

• cites Schaller 1998Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Roads encroach into heretofore remote areas, which can lead to increased poaching, and invariably increase densities of humans and domestic livestock, often on the most productive rangeland.

“Among the many ''conservation leaks,'' roads encroach into heretofore remote areas, which can lead to increased poaching, and invariably increase densities of humans and domestic livestock-often on the most productive rangeland (Harris 2008;Schaller et al. 2005).”

• cites Harris 2008Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schaller et al. 2005Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Genetic diversity among most domestic yak populations is high and comparable to that of European cattle breeds.

“Genetic diversity among most domestic yak populations is high (Xuebin et al. 2005) and comparable to that of European cattle breeds (Bailey et al. 2002;Wang et al. 2003).”

• cites Xuebin et al. 2005 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bailey et al. 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wang et al. 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Some hybrids with white spots have been noted among herds of wild yaks, but the extent of this genetic mixing throughout the remaining range of the wild yak is unknown.

“Some hybrids with white spots have been noted among herds of wild yaks (Harris 2008), but the extent of this genetic mixing throughout the remaining range of the wild yak is unknown (Harris 2008).”

• cites Harris 2008Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Most pastoralists reside in alpine steppe and alpine meadows at >4,200 m in elevation, preferred habitats of wild yaks.

“Most pastoralists reside in alpine steppe and alpine meadows at .4,200 m in elevation, preferred habitats of wild yaks (Bedunah and Harris 2002;Miller and Bedunah 1994;Ryavec 1998).”

• cites Bedunah and Harris 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Miller and Bedunah 1994Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Ryavec 1998 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The wild yak is now one of the most endangered species of the Tibetan Plateau and has been persecuted to the point that it only finds refuge in the most remote, relatively human-free areas.

“The wild yak is now one of the most endangered species of the Tibetan Plateau and has been persecuted to the point that it only finds refuge in the most remote, relatively human-free areas (Buchholtz and Sambraus 1990;Harris 2008;Lu 2000;Schaller 1998).”

• cites Buchholtz and Sambraus 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Harris 2008Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lu 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The human population of the Tibetan Plateau has increased greatly in the past 50 years to such an extent that all good grazing lands are now occupied and remnant populations of wild yaks are seriously affected.

May combine two claims.

Analyses of 12S and 16S rRNA and 22 tRNA mitochondrial genes suggest that the wild yak diverged from B. taurus about 5 million years ago, from Bubalus bubalis about 12 million years ago, and Ovis and Capra about 13-28 million years ago.

“Analyses of 12S and 16S rRNA and 22 tRNA mitochondrial genes suggest that the wild yak diverged from B. taurus about 5 million years ago, from Bubalus bubalis (water buffalo) about 12 million years ago, and Ovis (sheep) and Capra (goats) about 13-28 million years ago (Gu et al. 2007).”

• cites Gu et al. 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Wildlife management in China currently involves little more than protection, which is often constrained by limited manpower, and regulations inside and outside reserves are basically the same.

“As Harris (2008) pointed out, wildlife management in China currently involves little more than protection, which is often constrained by limited manpower, and regulations inside and outside reserves are basically the same.”

• cites Harris 2008Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

D-loop sequences from mitochondrial DNA suggest that the yak is more closely related to Bison bison than Bison bonasus; the 3 species cluster together, but apart from other Bovini, in recent DNA fingerprinting analyses.

“D-loop sequences from mitochondrial DNA suggest that the yak is more closely related to Bison bison (Guo et al. 2006a;Miyamoto et al. 1989) than Bison bonasus (Buryn ´ska et al. 1999); the 3 species cluster together, but apart from other Bovini, in recent DNA fingerprinting analyses (Buntjer et al. 2002).”

• cites Guo et al. 2006aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Miyamoto et al. 1989 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Buntjer et al. 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The wild yak is perhaps underclassified as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and has been protected under Appendix I of CITES since 1962.

“The wild yak is perhaps underclassified as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (2008) and has been protected under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna andFlora (2007) since 1962.”

• cites International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 2008Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.