A Narrative Literature Review on the Role of Exercise Training in Managing Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Open accessAbstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia associated with impaired carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, with concomitant absence of insulin secretion or reduced sensitivity to its metabolic effects. Patients with diabetes mellitus have 30% more risk of developing heart failure and cardiovascular disease with respect to healthy people. Heart and cardiovascular problems are the first cause of death worldwide and the main complications which lead to high healthcare costs. Such complications can be delayed or avoided by taking prescribed medications in conjunction with a healthy lifestyle (i.e. diet and physical activity). The American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association recommend that diabetic people reduce total sedentary time by incorporating physical activity in their weekly routine. This narrative literature review has the aim to summarize and present the main guidelines, pre-exercise cardiovascular screening recommendations, and considerations for patients with diabetes and comorbidities who are planning to participate in regular exercise regimens.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Adherence to exercise recommendations remains suboptimal in both at-risk populations and those already diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
“adherence to exercise recommendations remains suboptimal in both at-risk populations and those already diagnosed with the disease.”
A substantial proportion of people fail to meet the minimum recommendation of 150 minutes per week of moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise.
“A substantial proportion of people fail in meeting the minimum recommendation of 150 min per week of moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise [5].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011 · see citing works
Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200105033441801 · Cited by 10,873 · see citing works
Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035
Guariguata, L., Whiting, D. R., Hambleton, I., Beagley, J., Linnenkamp, U., & Shaw, J. E. (2014) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.002 · Cited by 4,642 · see citing works
Webb, T. L., Joseph, J., Yardley, L., & Michie, S. (2010) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1376 · Cited by 2,517 · see citing works
Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance Is the Primary Defect in Type 2 Diabetes
DeFronzo, R. A., & Tripathy, D. (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-s302 · Cited by 2,102 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Considering that 80% of insulin-mediated glucose uptake occurs in skeletal muscle (lean mass) [60], we should consider the importance of increasing lean mass for improving glycemic control in these individuals [61].”
BackgroundACSM Position Stand: Exercise and Fluid Replacement
Convertino, V. A., Armstrong, L. E., Coyle, E. F., Mack, G. W., Sawka, M. N., Senay, L. C., & Sherman, W. M. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199610000-00045 · Cited by 1,977 · see citing works
Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Fernhall, B., Regensteiner, J. G., Blissmer, B. J., Rubin, R. R., Chasan-Taber, L., Albright, A. L., & Braun, B. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-9990 · Cited by 1,955 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Aerobic exercise should be suggested, considering safety measures for PA involving the feet, which are essential for many patients with diabetes [1,2,48–51].”
BackgroundGlobal strategy on diet, physical activity and health
Samuelson, G. (2004) · Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/11026480410034349 · Cited by 1,750 · see citing works
Kahn, S. E., Prigeon, R. L., McCulloch, D. K., Boyko, E. J., Bergman, R. N., Schwartz, M. W., Neifing, J. L., Ward, W. K., Beard, J. C., & Palmer, J. P. (1993) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.42.11.1663 · Cited by 1,405 · see citing works
Significance of HbA1c Test in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diabetic Patients
Sherwani, S. I., Khan, H. A., Ekhzaimy, A., Masood, A., & Sakharkar, M. K. (2016) · Biomarker Insights · doi:10.4137/bmi.s38440 · Cited by 1,381 · see citing works
Gillies, C. L., Abrams, K. R., Lambert, P. C., Cooper, N. J., Sutton, A. J., Hsu, R. T., & Khunti, K. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39063.689375.55 · Cited by 1,171 · see citing works
El-Osta, A., Brasacchio, D., Yao, D., Pocai, A., Jones, P. L., Roeder, R. G., Cooper, M. E., & Brownlee, M. (2008) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20081188 · Cited by 1,115 · see citing works
Eriksson, K. F., & Lindg�rde, F. (1991) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00400196 · Cited by 1,092 · see citing works
WHO Global report on diabetes: A summary
Roglić, G. (2016) · International Journal of Noncommunicable Diseases · doi:10.4103/2468-8827.184853 · Cited by 1,025 · see citing works
Physical Activity/Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes
Sigal, R. J., Kenny, G. P., Wasserman, D. H., Castaneda-Sceppa, C., & White, R. D. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-9910 · Cited by 949 · see citing works
KANALEY, J. A., COLBERG, S. R., CORCORAN, M. H., MALIN, S. K., RODRIGUEZ, N. R., CRESPO, C. J., KIRWAN, J. P., & ZIERATH, J. R. (2022) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002800 · Cited by 931 · see citing works
A systematic review of the evidence for Canada's Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults
Warburton, D. E., Charlesworth, S., Ivey, A., Nettlefold, L., & Bredin, S. S. (2010) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-7-39 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Little, J. P., Gillen, J. B., Percival, M. E., Safdar, A., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Punthakee, Z., Jung, M. E., & Gibala, M. J. (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00921.2011 · Cited by 787 · see citing works
Jelleyman, C., Yates, T., O'Donovan, G., Gray, L. J., King, J. A., Khunti, K., & Davies, M. J. (2015) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12317 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Apps to promote physical activity among adults: a review and content analysis
Middelweerd, A., Mollee, J. S., van der Wal, C. N., Brug, J., & te Velde, S. J. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-014-0097-9 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
The Potential for High-Intensity Interval Training to Reduce Cardiometabolic Disease Risk
Kessler, H. S., Sisson, S. B., & Short, K. R. (2012) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11630910-000000000-00000 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
Guazzi, M., Bandera, F., Ozemek, C., Systrom, D. M., & Arena, R. A. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.012 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Exercise regulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle.
Hayashi, T., Wojtaszewski, J., & Goodyear, L. (1997) · American Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.6.e1039 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Reduction in the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes With Lifestyle Intervention or Metformin
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2003) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000055759.75837.e7 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Kahn, S. E., Prigeon, R. L., McCulloch, D. K., Boyko, E. J., Bergman, R. N., Schwartz, M. W., Neifing, J. L., Ward, W. K., Beard, J. C., Palmer, J. P., et al. (1993) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.42.11.1663 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Pavey, T., Taylor, A. H., Fox, K. R., Hillsdon, M. M., Anokye, N., Campbell, J., Foster, C. E., Green, C., Moxham, T., Mutrie, N., et al. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d6462 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
High-Intensity Interval Training in Cardiac Rehabilitation
Guiraud, T., Nigam, A., Grémeaux, V., Meyer, P., Juneau, M., & Bosquet, L. (2012) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11631910-000000000-00000 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Heinrich, K. M., Patel, P. M., O’Neal, J. L., & Heinrich, B. S. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-789 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Physical activity/exercise and diabetes mellitus
American Diabetes Association (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.2007.s73 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Substrate utilization during exercise in active people
Coyle, E. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/61.4.968s · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Exercise in individuals with IDDM
Wasserman, D. H., & Zinman, B. (1994) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.17.8.924 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
A Novel Diabetes Prevention Intervention Using a Mobile App
Fukuoka, Y., Gay, C. L., Joiner, K. L., & Vittinghoff, E. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.01.003 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Evidence-informed physical activity guidelines for Canadian adults.
Warburton, D. E. R., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Rhodes, R. E., & Shephard, R. J. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Resistance Training and Type 2 Diabetes
Eves, N. D., & Plotnikoff, R. C. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc05-1981 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Stork, M., Banfield, L. E., Gibala, M. J., & Ginis, K. A. M. (2017) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2017.1326011 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Jung, M. E., Bourne, J. E., Beauchamp, M. R., Robinson, E., & Little, J. P. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2015/191595 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Human Physiology in an Aquatic Environment
Pendergast, D. R., Moon, R. E., Krasney, J. J., et al. (2015) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c140018 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Peirce, N. S. (1999) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.33.3.161 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Warburton, D. E. R., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Rhodes, R. E., & Shephard, R. J. (2007) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h07-123 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Exercise and Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM)
Galassetti, P. R., & Riddell, M. C. (2013) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c110040 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Jansson, A. K., Chan, L. X., Lubans, D. R., Duncan, M. J., & Plotnikoff, R. C. (2022) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002595 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Sarcopenia and Chronic Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Purnamasari, D., Tetrasiwi, E. N., Kartiko, G. J., Astrella, C., Husam, K., & Laksmi, P. W. (2022) · The Review of Diabetic Studies · doi:10.1900/rds.2022.18.157 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Aerobic exercise capacity in normal adolescents and those with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Komatsu, W. R., Gabbay, M. A. L., Castro, M. L., et al. (2005) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-543x.2005.00120.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Intervention in Type 2 Diabetes
Johnston, C. A., Moreno, J. P., & Foreyt, J. P. (2014) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-014-0457-6 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Hypoglycemia Risk During Exercise After Intramuscular Injection of Insulin in Thigh in IDDM
Frid, A. H., Östman, J., & Linde, B. (1990) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.13.5.473 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Liebreich, T., Plotnikoff, R. C., Courneya, K. S., & Boulé, N. G. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-6-18 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Veves, A., Saouaf, R., Donaghue, V. M., et al. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.11.1846 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Diabetes Mellitus and Exercise
American Diabetes Association (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.2007.s64 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Sonnenberg, G. E., Kemmer, F. W., & Berger, M. (1990) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00400572 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Najafipour, F., Mobasseri, M., Yavari, A., Nadrian, H., Aliasgarzadeh, A., Mashinchi Abbasi, N., Niafar, M., Houshyar Gharamaleki, J., & Sadra, V. (2017) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2017-000414 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Vaz, M. M. O. L. L., Costa, G. C., Reis, J. G., Marques, W., de Paula, F. J. A., & de Abreu, D. C. C. (2013) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2013.06.007 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Physiological assessment of head-out aquatic exercises in healthy subjects: a qualitative review.
Barbosa, T. M., Marinho, D. A., Reis, V. M., Silva, A. J., & Bragada, J. A. A. (2009) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Anderssen, S. A., Holme, I., Urdal, P., & Hjermann, I. (1995) · Blood Pressure · doi:10.3109/08037059509077619 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Kobayashi, Y., Long, J., Dan, S., Johannsen, N. M., Talamoa, R., Raghuram, S. S., Chung, S., Kent, K., Basina, M., Lamendola, C. A., et al. (2023) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-023-05958-9 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Plotnikoff, R. C., Costigan, S. A., Karunamuni, N. D., & Lubans, D. R. (2013) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00003 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Alfonso‐Rosa, R. M., Cruz, B. D. P., del Pozo-Cruz, J., Sañudo, B., & Rogers, M. E. (2013) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/rnj.111 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Video Games for Diabetes Self-Management: Examples and Design Strategies
Lieberman, D. A. (2012) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229681200600410 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Referral for Expert Physical Activity Counseling: A Pragmatic RCT
James, E. L., Ewald, B. D., Johnson, N. A., Stacey, F. G., Brown, W. J., Holliday, E. G., Jones, M., Yang, F., Hespe, C., & Plotnikoff, R. C. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.06.016 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Acute hyperglycaemia induces an inflammatory response in young patients with type 1 diabetes
Gordin, D., Forsblom, C. M., Rönnback, M., Parkkonen, M., Wadén, J., Hietala, K., & Groop, P. (2008) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890802126547 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Höchsmann, C., Walz, S. P., Schäfer, J., Holopainen, J. P., Hanssen, H., & Schmidt‐Trucksäss, A. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1853-3 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Lin, C., Lee, T., Sun, Z., Yang, Y., Wu, J., & Ou, H. (2017) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0744-3 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
High-Intensity Interval or Continuous Moderate Exercise: A 24-Week Pilot Trial
Locke, S., Bourne, J. E., Beauchamp, M. R., Little, J. P., Barry, J., Singer, J., & Jung, M. E. (2018) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001668 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Is Exercise Adherence Associated with Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure?
Evangelista, L. S., Hamilton, M. A., Fonarow, G. C., & Dracup, K. (2010) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.3810/psm.2010.04.1759 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Aerobic Exercise Capacity and Pulmonary Function in Athletes With and Without Type 1 Diabetes
Komatsu, W. R., Neto, T. L. B., Chacra, A. R., et al. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-0769 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Wasserman, D. H., & Vranić, M. (1986) · Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmr.5610010403 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Piras, A., Persiani, M., Damiani, N., Perazzolo, M., & Raffi, M. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-3057-9 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationA review of wearable sensors based monitoring with daily physical activity to manage type 2 diabetes
AlShorman, O., Alshorman, B., & Alkahtani, F. (2020) · International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems/International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering · doi:10.11591/ijece.v11i1.pp646-653 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Sazlina, S.-G., Browning, C. J., & Yasin, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2013.00071 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Physiological Bases for the Treatment of the Physically Active Individual with Diabetes
Wasserman, D. H., & Abumrad, N. N. (1989) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-198907060-00003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Bourne, J. E., Little, J. P., Beauchamp, M. R., Barry, J., Singer, J., & Jung, M. E. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/11226 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Gildea, N., McDermott, A., Rocha, J., O'Shea, D. B., Green, S., & Egaña, M. (2021) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00952.2020 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Stokie, J. R., Abbott, G., Howlett, K. F., Hamilton, D. L., & Shaw, C. S. (2023) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00637.2021 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Exercise and Fluid Replacement
Roy, B. A. (2013) · ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal · doi:10.1249/fit.0b013e318296bc4b · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Aguiar, E. J., Morgan, P. J., Collins, C. E., Plotnikoff, R. C., Young, M. D., & Callister, R. (2014) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2014.07.008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Plotnikoff, R. C., Courneya, K. S., Sigal, R. J., Johnson, J. A., Birkett, N., Lau, D., Raine, K. D., Johnson, S. T., & Karunamuni, N. D. (2010) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-11-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Test-Retest Reliability of Kinematic Parameters of Timed Up and Go in People with Type 2 Diabetes
Domínguez‐Muñoz, F. J., Hernández-Mocholí, M. A., Manso, L. J., Collado‐Mateo, D., Villafaina, S., Adsuar, J. C., & Gusi, N. (2019) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app9214709 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Overview of Exercise Prescription for Diabetes Patients and Its Application in Japan
Sato, Y. (2020) · Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1007/s42978-020-00061-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ghodrat, L., Razeghian‐Jahromi, I., Jahromi, M. K., & Nemati, J. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-022-04980-w · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Gracia‐Sánchez, A., López‐Pineda, A., Chicharro‐Luna, E., & Gil-Guillén, V. F. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010988 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Berger, M., Assal, J. P., & Jörgens, V. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hesketh, K. L., Low, J., Andrews, R. C., Jones, C., Jones, H., Jung, M. E., Little, J. P., Mateus, C., Pulsford, R. M., Singer, J., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052563 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Recommendations for health-enhancing physical activities in type 2 diabetes patients
Mynarski, W., Cholewa, J., Rozpara, M., et al. (2015) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.27.2419 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Murphy, M. L., Lubans, D. R., Cohen, K. E., Robards, S. L., Wilczynska, M., Kennedy, S. G., James, E. L., Brown, W. J., Courneya, K. S., Sigal, R. J., et al. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2019.01.007 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pedrosa, A., Furtado, G. E., Barros, M. P., Bachi, A. L. L., Ferreira, J. P., Sardão, V. A., Rama, L. M. P. L., & Teixeira, A. M. (2022) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology4010002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Laffi, A., Persiani, M., Piras, A., Meoni, A., & Raffi, M. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13192422 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Piras, A., & Raffi, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Piras, Alessandro
- Venue
- Healthcare
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-09-06
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 2947-2947
- ISSN
- 2227-9032 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10671220
- OpenAlex
- W4388633711
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 0.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Healthcare (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- European Commission (PRIN-2022)
- Fondazione del Monte di Bologna e Ravenna (Prot. n. 0001883)
- Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca (PRIN2022 n. 2022KZ4KMY, PRIN2022)
- Erasmus+
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- exercise training, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, physical activity, cardiovascular screening, sedentary behavior, diabetes complications, cardiovascular risk, comorbidities, lifestyle intervention, exercise recommendations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
