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Cited by 165Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyPhysical Activity and HealthSports Performance and Training

High-Intensity Interval Training as an Efficacious Alternative to Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training for Adults with Prediabetes

Open access
Jung, Mary E., Bourne, Jessica E., Beauchamp, Mark R., Robinson, Emily, Little, Jonathan P.·2015·Journal of Diabetes Research
DOI 10.1155/2015/191595PMC PMC4396724
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Abstract

Aims . High-intensity interval training (HIIT) leads to improvements in various markers of cardiometabolic health but adherence to HIIT following a supervised laboratory intervention has yet to be tested. We compared self-report and objective measures of physical activity after one month of independent exercise in individuals with prediabetes who were randomized to HIIT ( n = 15 ) or traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT, n = 17 ). Method . After completing 10 sessions of supervised training participants were asked to perform HIIT or MICT three times per week for four weeks. Results . Individuals in HIIT (89 ± 11%) adhered to their prescribed protocol to a greater extent than individuals in MICT (71 ± 31%) as determined by training logs completed over one-month follow-up ( P = 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.75). Minutes spent in vigorous physical activity per week measured by accelerometer were higher in HIIT (24 ± 18) as compared to MICT (11 ± 10) at one-month follow-up ( P = 0.049, Cohen’s d = 0.92). Cardiorespiratory fitness and systolic blood pressure assessed at one-month follow-up were equally improved ( P ’s < 0.05). Conclusions . This study provides preliminary evidence that individuals with prediabetes can adhere to HIIT over the short-term and do so at a level that is greater than MICT.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In adults with prediabetes, a brief supervised HIIT program led to greater short-term independent exercise adherence than traditional MICT. HIIT also produced more weekly vigorous physical activity, while cardiorespiratory fitness and systolic blood pressure improved similarly in both groups.

Key findings

  • Self-reported adherence over one month of independent exercise was higher for HIIT (89 ± 11%) than MICT (71 ± 31%; P = 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.75).
  • Accelerometer-measured vigorous physical activity per week was higher in HIIT (24 ± 18 min) than MICT (11 ± 10 min; P = 0.049, Cohen’s d = 0.92).
  • Cardiorespiratory fitness and systolic blood pressure were equally improved at one-month follow-up in both conditions (P’s < 0.05).
  • Perceived exertion was higher in HIIT (7.4 ± 1.7) than MICT (5.4 ± 1.8; P = 0.01, Cohen’s d = 1.19).

Methods

  • Randomized feasibility study in 32 adults with prediabetes (15 HIIT, 17 MICT), aged 30–60 years and inactive, recruited from posters, online message boards, and word of mouth.
  • Participants completed 10 supervised exercise sessions over 12 days, then were prescribed three independent sessions per week for four weeks: HIIT as 10 × 1-minute intervals at ~90% HRpeak, or MICT as 50 minutes continuous at ~65% HRpeak.
  • Adherence was assessed by training logs and accelerometer; analyses included independent t-tests, ANCOVA controlling for baseline activity, and two-way repeated measures ANOVA for fitness, anthropometry, and blood pressure.

Limitations

  • The authors state that independent exercise was examined only over a short period, the sample size was small, and the study was not designed to assess safety or musculoskeletal injury risk.
  • The authors also note loss to follow-up, including three additional HIIT participants who did not complete one-month testing for reasons unrelated to the study protocol.
  • Evident from the text: analyses were per-protocol, accelerometer data at follow-up were available for only 10 HIIT and 13 MICT participants, and adherence relied partly on self-report training logs.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1155/2015/191595

Cites

33 of 33 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

0 of 34 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Systolic blood pressure decreased significantly from baseline to one-month follow-up for both HIIT and MICT.

    “There was a significant main effect of time for systolic blood pressure, F(1, 24) = 17.36, P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.75, such that it decreased at one-month follow-up for both conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    There was no significant difference between HIIT and MICT in average minutes spent in overall MVPA per week.

    “A series of ANCOVA revealed no significant differences between the HIIT and MICT conditions in the average number of minutes spent in (a) purposeful bouts of MVPA per week (i.e., MVPA10+), (b) overall MVPA per week, and (c) moderate activity per week (P's > 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    During supervised training, average HRpeak during MICT was 67 ± 5%, confirming MICT sessions were in the moderate domain.

    “Average HRpeak during MICT was 67 ± 5%, confirming that MICT sessions were in the moderate domain.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Minutes spent in vigorous physical activity per week measured by accelerometer were higher in HIIT than MICT at one-month follow-up.

    “Minutes spent in vigorous physical activity per week measured by accelerometer were higher in HIIT (24 ± 18) as compared to MICT (11 ± 10) at one-month follow-up (P = 0.049, Cohen's d = 0.92).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Systolic blood pressure was equally improved at one-month follow-up.

    “Cardiorespiratory fitness and systolic blood pressure assessed at one-month follow-up were equally improved (P's < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 30
  • May combine two claims. 13

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Maximal heart rate achieved at the end of the graded exercise test did not change significantly from baseline to one-month follow-up in either HIIT or MICT.

    “Maximal heart rate achieved at the end of the graded exercise test, body mass, and waist circumference did not change significantly from baseline to one-month follow-up in either HIIT or MICT (P's > 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Diastolic blood pressure did not change significantly from baseline to one-month follow-up.

    “Diastolic blood pressure tended to be lower at one-month follow-up; however, this main effect for time did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.11, Cohen's d = 0.13).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    HIIT was perceived to be of greater intensity than MICT.

    “The same analysis revealed a significant difference in average ratings of perceived exertion between the two conditions, t(23) = 2.80, P = 0.01, Cohen's d = 1.19.”
    • Also stated in: § 3.2. Self-Report Physical Activity Behaviour · plain
      “As expected, HIIT was perceived to be of greater intensity than MICT (HIIT = 7.4 ± 1.7, MICT = 5.4 ± 1.8).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    During supervised training, average HRpeak during HIIT was 82 ± 3% HRpeak, confirming HIIT sessions were in the vigorous domain.

    “During the supervised training phase, average HRpeak during HIIT (including rest intervals, warm-up, and cool-down) was 82 ± 3% HRpeak, confirming that HIIT sessions were in the vigorous domain.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Mean daily wear time was 855 ± 175 minutes at baseline and 846 ± 63 minutes at follow-up.

    “Mean (±SD) daily wear time was 855 (±175) minutes at baseline and 846 (±63) minutes at follow-up.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There was a significant difference between HIIT and MICT in average minutes spent in vigorous physical activity per week, with HIIT being greater than MICT.

    “There was, however, a significant difference between the average number of minutes spent in vigorous physical activity per week between the two conditions, F(1, 20) = 4.41, P = 0.049, Cohen's d = 0.92, with HIIT being greater than MICT.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Eighty-six percent of participants provided at least 5 valid wear days at baseline and 98% at one-month follow-up.

    “Eighty-six percent and 98% of participants provided at least 5 valid wear days at baseline and one-month follow-up, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were no main effects for group or group by time interactions for absolute VO2peak, relative VO2peak, and peak power output, indicating no differences in the degree of change between HIIT and MICT over time.

    “There were no main effects for group or group by time interactions for these fitness parameter variables, indicating that there were no differences in the degree of change experienced between HIIT and MICT over time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Of individuals who completed one-month follow-up, accelerometer data were available for 10 HIIT and 13 MICT participants.

    “Of the individuals that completed one-month follow-up, accelerometer data were available for 10 individuals in the HIIT condition and 13 individuals in the MICT condition (two participants did not accrue the minimum of valid wear days and one accelerometer malfunctioned displaying counts >20,000 during wear time).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    MVPA10+ is a more appropriate measure of purposeful exercise and allows a more direct objective assessment of exercise adherence.

    “MVPA10+ is a more appropriate measure of purposeful exercise [32] and therefore allows a more direct objective assessment of exercise adherence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Physical activity guidelines in several countries typically recommend at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity activity to improve health.

    “These findings have contributed to the development of physical activity guidelines in several countries, which typically recommend at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity activity to improve health [4–6].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [4] 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [5] 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Behavioural counselling was grounded in social cognitive theory and identical in content for both conditions.

    “The behavioural counselling was grounded in social cognitive theory [27] and identical in content for both conditions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] 1986

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    A total of 16 MICT and 10 HIIT participants completed one-month follow-up.

    “Therefore, a total of 16 and 10 participants completed one-month follow-up for MICT and HIIT, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    HIIT is different than high-intensity continuous exercise by virtue of built-in rest periods and break in monotony.

    “By virtue of the built-in rest periods and break in monotony, HIIT is different than high-intensity continuous exercise and may represent an alternative and more feasible option for introducing vigorous activity for health promotion in individuals with prediabetes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Freedson et al. cut-points were used to identify time spent in moderate, vigorous, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.

    “Freedson et al. [31] cut-points were used to identify time spent in moderate (≥1,952 counts/min), vigorous (≥5,725 counts/min), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA, sum of moderate and vigorous) during wear time on valid days (i.e., ≥10 hours of wear time per day, without any excessive counts ≥20,000 counts/min).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Equivalent health benefits are achieved in less time, provided the intensity of exercise is high.

    “These recommendations imply that equivalent health benefits are achieved in less time, provided the intensity of exercise is high.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The American College of Sports Medicine and American Heart Association guidelines recommend 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous physical activity for optimal health.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Independent sample t-tests were conducted prior to repeated measures ANOVA to ensure no differences in baseline activity levels or fitness data between conditions.

    “Independent sample t-tests were conducted prior to running the repeated measures ANOVA to ensure there were no differences in baseline activity levels or fitness data between conditions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A majority of inactive adults (n = 44) prefer HIIT (62%) to MICT (20%) and high-intensity continuous training (3%) after experiencing a single bout of each type of exercise.

    “In fact, we have recently shown that a majority of inactive adults (n = 44) prefer HIIT (62%) to MICT (20%) and high-intensity continuous training (3%) after experiencing a single bout of each type of exercise [23].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Participants wore a heart rate monitor during each exercise session to monitor exercise intensity and ensure compliance.

    “Participants wore a heart rate monitor during each exercise session (supervised and unsupervised) to monitor exercise intensity and ensure compliance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    One participant in MICT did not return for one-month testing and was lost to follow-up.

    “One participant in MICT did not return for one-month testing and was deemed lost to follow-up as she could not be reached after repeated attempts to contact.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    Valid wear time was ascertained using Choi and colleagues parameters.

    “Valid wear time was ascertained using Choi and colleagues [30] parameters (i.e., nonwear is classified as 90 minutes of consecutive zeros, allowing for nonzero counts up to 2 minutes, if no counts are detected during the 30-minute counts before and after this interval).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Expired gas was collected by a metabolic cart calibrated with gases of known concentration and a 3.0 L syringe prior to every test.

    “Expired gas was collected continuously by a metabolic cart (Parvomedics TrueOne 2400, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA) that was calibrated with gases of known concentration and a 3.0 L syringe prior to every test.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Vigorous-intensity physical activity is presumed to be too intense and aversive, and thus less likely to be adhered to, for individuals who are sedentary and/or at increased risk of chronic disease.

    “However, suggestions of prescribing vigorous-intensity physical activity for health promotion and T2D prevention have been met with reluctance in the scientific, medical, and lay communities, as it is presumed to be too intense and aversive (and thus less likely to be adhered to) for individuals who are sedentary and/or at increased risk of chronic disease [21, 22].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [21] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    ANCOVA controlled for baseline measures as covariates.

    “Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) were conducted to examine differences in accelerometer-derived moderate physical activity, vigorous physical activity, total MVPA, and MVPA10+ between the conditions during the fifth week of independent exercise, after controlling for baseline measures as covariates.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    All 32 participants completed the short-term supervised intervention with no complications.

    “All 32 participants (17 in MICT, 15 in HIIT) completed the short-term supervised intervention with no complications (see Figure 1 for participation flow through the study).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Suggestions of prescribing vigorous-intensity physical activity for health promotion and T2D prevention have been met with reluctance in the scientific, medical, and lay communities.

    “However, suggestions of prescribing vigorous-intensity physical activity for health promotion and T2D prevention have been met with reluctance in the scientific, medical, and lay communities, as it is presumed to be too intense and aversive (and thus less likely to be adhered to) for individuals who are sedentary and/or at increased risk of chronic disease [21, 22].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [21] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] 2010

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Heart rate was recorded using Polar heart rate monitors during supervised training to ensure participants were working at prescribed intensity.

    “During the supervised training intervention, heart rate was recorded using downloadable Polar heart rate monitors (Polar FT7, Finland) to ensure that participants were working at the prescribed exercise intensity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    HIIT is an effective and time-efficient exercise option for improving cardiometabolic health.

    “HIIT has recently been touted as an effective and time-efficient exercise option for improving cardiometabolic health [18, 37].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [18] source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Eligible participants were randomized to HIIT or MICT.

    “Following baseline testing (including accelerometry, cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure, and anthropometrics), eligible participants were randomized to HIIT or MICT conditions involving ten sessions of exercise performed over a 12-day period (i.e., Monday-Friday over two weeks with Saturday and Sunday as rest days).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Exercise prescriptions for each condition were progressive and designed to be matched for external work.

    “Exercise prescriptions for each condition were progressive in nature and were designed to be matched for external work [13].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    All participants completed two weeks of supervised HIIT without any reported complications.

    “All participants in our study completed two weeks of supervised HIIT without any reported complications but our study was not designed to examine safety and musculoskeletal injuries in response to HIIT compared to traditional MICT.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Guidelines imply that 75 minutes of vigorous activity is equivalent to 150 minutes of moderate activity.

    “Indeed, guidelines imply that 75 minutes of vigorous activity is equivalent to 150 minutes of moderate activity [38].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The study was not designed to examine safety and musculoskeletal injuries in response to HIIT compared to traditional MICT.

    “All participants in our study completed two weeks of supervised HIIT without any reported complications but our study was not designed to examine safety and musculoskeletal injuries in response to HIIT compared to traditional MICT.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    In this feasibility study, individuals with prediabetes can adhere to HIIT over the short term and do so at a level greater than MICT.

    “In this feasibility study, we provide preliminary evidence that individuals with prediabetes can adhere to HIIT over the short term and do so at a level that is greater than MICT.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Both HIIT and MICT increased VO2peak assessed at one-month follow-up, indicating an improvement in fitness.

    “Both HIIT and MICT increased VO2peak assessed at one-month follow-up, indicating an improvement in fitness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study examined independent exercise over a short time period.

    “First, we examined independent exercise over a short time period.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
36 of 36

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There are no studies that have assessed adherence to HIIT in individuals at high risk for developing T2D.

    “Despite the evidence for promising health benefits in individuals with prediabetes (for review see [16, 17]) and suggestions that HIIT may represent a time-efficient health promoting exercise strategy [18], there are no studies that have assessed adherence to HIIT in individuals at high risk for developing T2D.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The American College of Sports Medicine and American Heart Association guidelines recommend 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous physical activity for optimal health.

    “In support of the efficacy of high-intensity exercise, the American College of Sports Medicine and American Heart Association guidelines for maintaining fitness and health recommend 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous physical activity for optimal health.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The study was the first to examine independent exercise adherence to HIIT in comparison to traditionally prescribed MICT.

    “As this preliminary pilot study was the first to examine independent exercise adherence to HIIT in comparison to traditionally prescribed MICT, the time point of one month was chosen a priori because it was deemed important to ascertain the feasibility of prescribing HIIT prior to conducting longer-term adherence trials.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Adherence to HIIT outside of a supervised lab-based intervention has not been tested.

    “However, adherence to HIIT outside of a supervised lab-based intervention has not been tested.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Assessing levels of physical activity objectively by accelerometer following supervised training interventions remains largely unexplored.

    “Assessing levels of physical activity objectively by accelerometer following supervised training interventions remains largely unexplored.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The present feasibility study is the first of its kind to assess adherence to HIIT following a supervised laboratory intervention.

    “The present feasibility study is the first of its kind to assess adherence to HIIT following a supervised laboratory intervention.”
6 of 6

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Consistentt(18.96) = 2.08reported p = .05 · recomputed p = .051

    “t(18.96) = 2.08, p = .05”

  • Consistentt(23) = 2.8reported p = .01 · recomputed p = .010

    “t(23) = 2.80, p = .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 20) = 4.41reported p = .049 · recomputed p = .049

    “F(1, 20) = 4.41, p = .049”

  • ConsistentF(1, 24) = 20.96reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 24) = 20.96, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 24) = 14.82reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 24) = 14.82, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 24) = 14.08reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 24) = 14.08, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 24) = 17.36reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 24) = 17.36, p < .001”

7 of 7

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Three of the ten training sessions were unsupervised

    Minor

    The abstract describes all ten sessions as supervised, but the methods state that three of those ten sessions were completed at home unsupervised.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. 2011, Health Reports, 22, 15
  2. 2011, Health & Fitness Journal of Canada, 4, 3

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Jung, M. E., Bourne, J. E., Beauchamp, M. R., Robinson, E., & Little, J. P.
Affiliations
University of British Columbia (CA)
Corresponding author
Jung, Mary E.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Diabetes Research
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2015
Volume
2015
Pages
1-9
ISSN
  • 2314-6745 (ISSN-L)
  • 2314-6753
DOI
10.1155/2015/191595
PMC
PMC4396724
OpenAlex
W2031670824
Cited by
165
References
33
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1
FWCI
38.62
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Diabetes Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
University of British Columbia
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords
high-intensity interval training, moderate-intensity continuous training, prediabetes, exercise adherence, physical activity, accelerometer-measured activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, systolic blood pressure, supervised exercise intervention, independent exercise
MeSH terms
Acceleration, Adult, Anthropometry, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Exercise Therapy, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Patient Compliance, Physical Fitness, Prediabetic State, Surveys and Questionnaires, Systole, Exercise

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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