Cited by 994Smoking Behavior and CessationChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) ResearchPrenatal Substance Exposure Effects

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Comparison of tests used to distinguish smokers from nonsmokers

Jarvis, M J, Tunstall-Pedoe, H, Feyerabend, C, Vesey, C, Saloojee, Y·1987·American Journal of Public Health

DOI 10.2105/ajph.77.11.1435

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Abstract

Questionnaire and biochemical measures of smoking were studied in 211 hospital outpatients. Eleven different tests of smoke intake were compared for their ability to categorize smokers and nonsmokers correctly. The concentration of cotinine, whether measured in plasma, saliva, or urine, was the best indicator of smoking, with sensitivity of 96-97 per cent and specificity of 99-100 per cent. Thiocyanate provided the poorest discrimination. Carbon monoxide measured as blood carboxyhaemoglobin or in expired air gave sensitivity and specificity of about 90 per cent. Sensitivities of the tests were little affected by the presence among the claimed nonsmokers of a group of 21 "deceivers" who concealed their smoking. It is concluded that cotinine is the measure of choice, but for most clinical applications carbon monoxide provides an acceptable degree of discrimination and is considerably cheaper and simpler to apply.

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Quality of Measurement of Smoking Status by Self-Report and Saliva Cotinine Among Pregnant Women
Boyd, N. R., Windsor, R. A., Perkins, L. L., & Lowe, J. B. (1998) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1023/a:1022936705438 · Cited by 155
“In studies utilizing saliva cotinine in the general population surveys, smoking misclassification rates have ranged from 2% to 12% [13, 20-22].”
Background
Treatment of smoking cessation in smokers with past alcohol/drug problems
Hughes, J. R. (1993) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/0740-5472(93)90043-2 · Cited by 153
Do electronic cigarettes increase cigarette smoking in UK adolescents? Evidence from a 12-month prospective study
Conner, M. T., Grogan, S., Simms‐Ellis, R., Flett, K., Sykes‐Muskett, B., Cowap, L., Lawton, R., Armitage, C. J., Meads, D. M., Torgerson, C. J., et al. (2017) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053539 · Cited by 152
Biomarkers of oxidative damage in cigarette smokers: Which biomarkers might reflect acute versus chronic oxidative stress?
Seet, R. C. S., Lee, J. C., Loke, W. M., Huang, S. H., Huang, H.-W., Looi, W. F., Chew, S. E., Quek, A. M. L., Lim, E. C. H., & Halliwell, B. B. (2011) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.03.019 · Cited by 152
Comparison of Urine Cotinine and the Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine Metabolite 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol (NNAL) and Their Ratio to Discriminate Active From Passive Smoking
Goniewicz, M. L., Eisner, M. D., Lazcano-Ponce, E. C., Zielińska-Danch, W., Koszowski, B., Sobczak, A., Havel, C. M., Jacob, P., & Benowitz, N. L. (2011) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntq237 · Cited by 151
The Origins of the Correlations between Tobacco, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use During Adolescence
Lynskey, M. T., Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (1998) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00402 · Cited by 151
“( Jarvis et al, 1987; Midanik, 1988; Rouse et al, 1982).”
Serum Cotinine Levels, Smoking, and Periodontal Attachment Loss
Gonzalez, Y. M., Nardin, A. D., Grossi, S. G., Machtei, E. E., Genco, R. J., & Nardin, E. (1996) · Journal of Dental Research · doi:10.1177/00220345960750021001 · Cited by 151
Efficacy of a nicotine inhaler in smoking cessation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Schneider, N. G., Olmstead, R. E., Nilsson, F. O. L., Mody, F. V., Franzon, M., & DOAN, K. (1996) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1996.91912935.x · Cited by 148
Can We Trust National Smoking Prevalence Figures? Discrepancies Between Biochemically Assessed and Self-Reported Smoking Rates in Three Countries
West, R., Zatoński, W. A., Przewoźniak, K., & Jarvis, M. J. (2007) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0679 · Cited by 146
“A concentration of 15 ng/mL in saliva or serum is a conservative cut point for detecting active smoking (2, 3).”
Validity of Self-reported Smoking Status among Participants in a Lung Cancer Screening Trial
Studts, J. L., Ghate, S. R., Gill, J. L., Studts, C. R., Barnes, C. N., LaJoie, A. S., Andrykowski, M. A., & LaRocca, R. V. (2006) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0393 · Cited by 146
“Studies comparing nonsmokers and smokers have consistently reported that cotinine in the urine, saliva, or plasma can distinguish active smokers from nonsmokers (13, 14, 20-24).”
Background
Smoking cessation increases gingival blood flow and gingival crevicular fluid
Morozumi, T., Kubota, T., Sato, T., Okuda, K., & Yoshie, H. (2004) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00476.x · Cited by 146
Improving disclosure of smoking by pregnant women
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Patient literacy and the readability of smoking education literature.
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Role of anticipated regret, intentions and intention stability in adolescent smoking initiation
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Are higher doses of nicotine replacement more effective for smoking cessation?
Hughes, J. R., Lesmes, G. R., Hatsukami, D. K., RICHMOND, R. L., Lichtenstein, E. H., Jorenby, D. E., Broughton, J. O., Fortmann, S. P., Leischow, S. J., McKenna, J., et al. (1999) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622299050011281 · Cited by 143
Optimum cutoff points for biochemical validation of smoking status.
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Influences of Mood, Depression History, and Treatment Modality on Outcomes in Smoking Cessation.
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Passive smoking, salivary cotinine concentrations, and middle ear effusion in 7 year old children.
Strachan, D. P., Jarvis, M. J., & Feyerabend, C. (1989) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.298.6687.1549 · Cited by 141
Biomarkers of exposure to new and emerging tobacco delivery products
Schick, S. F., Blount, B. C., Jacob, P., Saliba, N. A., Bernert, J. T., El Hellani, A., Jatlow, P., Pappas, R. S., Wang, L., Foulds, J., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajplung.00343.2016 · Cited by 140
Assessing smoking status in children, adolescents and adults: cotinine cut‐points revisited
Jarvis, M. J., Fidler, J. A., Mindell, J. S., Feyerabend, C., & West, R. (2008) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02297.x · Cited by 138
Efficacy of Bupropion and Nortriptyline for Smoking Cessation Among People at Risk for or With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
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Measurements for active cigarette smoke exposure in prevalence and cessation studies: Why simply asking pregnant women isn't enough
Russell, T. V., Crawford, M. A., & Woodby, L. L. (2004) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200410001669141 · Cited by 135
“Jarvis et al. (1987) examined the sensitivity and specificity of cotinine, CO, and thiocyanate (Table 3).”
BackgroundInfluential
Sociodemographic predictors of success in smoking intervention
Monsó, E., Campbell, J., Tønnesen, P., GUSTAVSSON, G., & Morera, J. (2001) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.10.2.165 · Cited by 135
“but it is not unexpected that it correlates less well with success than do other measures of tobacco use.”
Background
The Evolution of Airway Function in Early Childhood Following Clinical Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis
Ranganathan, S., Stocks, J., Dezateux, C. A., Bush, A., Wade, A. M., Carr, S. B., Castle, R. A., Dinwiddie, R., Hoo, A., Lum, S., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200309-1344oc · Cited by 135
“Exposure to maternal smoking prenatally and postnatally was assessed from maternal report and current smoking habits confirmed by maternal salivary cotinine ( 14 ).”
Method
Abnormal age-related changes of plasma antioxidant proteins in schizophrenia
Yao, J. K., Reddy, R. D., & van Kammen, D. P. (2000) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00230-4 · Cited by 133
Nicotine vs Placebo Gum in General Medical Practice
Hughes, J. R. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420090064032 · Cited by 133
Erratum to: Does South Korea have hidden female smokers: discrepancies in smoking rates between self-reports and urinary cotinine level
Park, M.-B., Kim, C.-B., Nam, E. W., & Hong, K. S. (2016) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-015-0282-2 · Cited by 132
“Among these, cotinine is a metabolite of nicotine that has a relatively long half-life compared to other markers, making it a reliable indicator when used to identify smokers [10-12].”
Inverse relation between serum cotinine concentration and blood pressure in cigarette smokers.
Benowitz, N. L., & Sharp, D. S. (1989) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.80.5.1309 · Cited by 131
Cord Serum Cotinine as a Biomarker of Fetal Exposure to Cigarette Smoke at the End of Pregnancy
Pichini, S., Basagaña, X., Pacifici, R., Garcia, O., Puig, C., Vall, O., Harris, J. M., Zuccaro, P., Segura, J., & Sunyer, J. (2000) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.001081079 · Cited by 130
“Indeed, not only did a high percentage of mothers who did not report active smoking nor exposure to ETS present urinary levels of cotinine > 50 ng/mL [the cutoff to distinguish active smokers from nonsmokers according to Jarvis et al. ( 20 )], but a certain percentage of newborns also had these high levels.”
BackgroundMethod

Authors: Jarvis, M. J., Tunstall-Pedoe, H., Feyerabend, C., Vesey, C., & Saloojee, Y.
ORCID: Jarvis, M J
Saloojee, Y
Venue: American Journal of Public Health
Publisher: American Public Health Association
Published: 1987-11
Volume: 77
Issue: 11
Pages: 1435-1438
ISSN: 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
1541-0048
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.77.11.1435
OpenAlex: W2147528426
Cited by: 994
References: 21
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 40
FWCI: 11.10
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Keywords: smoking detection, cotinine, carbon monoxide, carboxyhemoglobin, thiocyanate, salivary biomarkers, urinary biomarkers, plasma biomarkers, questionnaire-based screening, sensitivity and specificity
MeSH terms: Carbon Monoxide, Chromatography, Gas, Cotinine, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Pyrrolidinones, Surveys and Questionnaires, Saliva, Smoking, Thiocyanates

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Comparison of tests used to distinguish smokers from nonsmokers

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