Information richness. A new approach to managerial behavior and organization design
Abstract
This paper introduces the concept of information richness, and proposes three models of information processing. The models describe (1) manager information behavior, (2) organizational mechanisms for coping with equivocality from the environment, and (3) organizational mechanisms for internal coordination. Concepts developed by Weick (1979) and Galbraith (1973) are integrated into two information tasks: equivocality reduction and the processing of a sufficient amount of information. The premise of this paper is that the accomplishment of these information tasks and the ultimate success of the organization are related to the balance of information richness used in the organization.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Daft and Lengel's (1984) media richness theory holds that media differ in their capability to transmit information, with face-to-face communication being the richest medium.
“according to Daft and Lengel’s (1984) media richness theory, media Daft and Lengel (1984), mediums differ in their capability to transmit information with while face-to-face communication being the richest medium.”
From Impact of Synchronous and Asynchronous Settings of Online Teaching and Learning in Higher Education on Students' Learning Experience During COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Daft and Lengel, 1984
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures
Huber, G. P. (1991) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2.1.88 · Cited by 8,072 · see citing works
Computer-Mediated Communication: Impersonal, Interpersonal, and Hyperpersonal Interaction
WALTHER, J. B. (1996) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365096023001001 · Cited by 4,798 · see citing works
Pavlou, P. A., Liang, H., & Xue, Y. (2007) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/25148783 · Cited by 2,646 · see citing works
“Social presence, which is akin to the notion of information richness (Daft and Lengel 1984), creates a perceptual illusion in which a user perceives distant entities as being close (Choi et al.”
Interpersonal Effects in Computer-Mediated Interaction
Walther, J. B. (1992) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365092019001003 · Cited by 2,535 · see citing works
Perspective Making and Perspective Taking in Communities of Knowing
Boland, R. J., & Tenkasi, R. V. (1995) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.6.4.350 · Cited by 2,101 · see citing works
“discussing media richness ( Daft and Lengel, 1984 ) and organization design (Galbraith,”
BackgroundConceptualizing Employee Silence and Employee Voice as Multidimensional Constructs*
Dyne, L. V., Ang, S., & Botero, I. C. (2003) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/1467-6486.00384 · Cited by 2,062 · see citing works
Communication and Control Processes in the Delivery of Service Quality
Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, L. L., & Parasuraman, A. (1988) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1251263 · Cited by 2,051 · see citing works
Gefen, D., & Straub, D. W. (2004) · Omega · doi:10.1016/j.omega.2004.01.006 · Cited by 2,025 · see citing works
Olson, G. M., & Olson, J. S. (2000) · Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1207/s15327051hci1523_4 · Cited by 1,983 · see citing works
The Handbook of Journalism Studies
Josephi, B. (2009) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203877685 · Cited by 1,869 · see citing works
Papacharissi, Z., & Rubin, A. M. (2000) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4402_2 · Cited by 1,826 · see citing works
“Basedon such nonverbal cues, media in their social presence (Short, Williams, & Christie, 1976) or media richness (Daft & Lengel, 1984). p. that others are psychologically present and that communication exchanges are warm, personal, sensitive, and active.”
BackgroundPersonal connections in the digital age
(2016) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.194329 · Cited by 1,708 · see citing works
Kreijns, K., Kirschner, P. A., & Jochems, W. M. G. (2003) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(02)00057-2 · Cited by 1,633 · see citing works
“Media-poor, text-based CMC impacts the level of communication and, thus, social interaction (Daft & Lengel, 1984; Daft et al., 1987).”
Backgroundvan den Hooff, B., & de Ridder, J. (2004) · Journal of Knowledge Management · doi:10.1108/13673270410567675 · Cited by 1,640 · see citing works
DeRue, D. S., & Ashford, S. J. (2010) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2010.53503267 · Cited by 1,471 · see citing works
Miller, T. L., & Triana, M. D. C. (2009) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00839.x · Cited by 1,429 · see citing works
“Firms that have these non-redundant ties engage in interactions which help executives overcome decision biases and improve the quality of decisions (Daft and Lengel, 1984; O’Reilly, 1983).”
Virtual Teams: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go From Here?
Martins, L. L., Gilson, L. L., & Maynard, M. T. (2004) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1016/j.jm.2004.05.002 · Cited by 1,328 · see citing works
“The technologies differ in their extent of media richness as communication channels (Daft & Lengel, 1984) and in the extent to which they enable synchronous collaboration (e.g.,Riopelle et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodTesting the technology acceptance model across cultures: A three country study
Straub, D., Keil, M., & Brenner, W. (1997) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-7206(97)00026-8 · Cited by 1,246 · see citing works
Krause, D. R., Handfield, R., & Tyler, B. B. (2006) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/j.jom.2006.05.007 · Cited by 1,212 · see citing works
Nardi, B. A., Whittaker, S., & Bradner, E. (2000) · ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) · doi:10.1145/358916.358975 · Cited by 1,079 · see citing works
“Current media theories describe processes by which people ground the content and process of communication [4,5], initiate interaction [28], or choose an appropriate medium for the task at hand [7,29].”
BackgroundManaging User Trust in B2C e-Services
Gefen, & Straub (2003) · e-Service Journal · doi:10.2979/esj.2003.2.2.7 · Cited by 1,074 · see citing works
“Because some media can convey more information than others and better reduce equivocality and ambiguity, these channels are a better fit for certain tasks (Daft and Lengel, 1984).”
BackgroundElectronic Mail as the Medium of Managerial Choice
Markus, M. L. (1994) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.5.4.502 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
Zenger, T. R., & Lawrence, B. S. (1989) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256366 · Cited by 1,052 · see citing works
“This seems a reasonable test of the inaccuracy hypothesis; however, we also know that the medium people use in communicating influences the frequency and content of their interaction (Daft & Lengel, 1984).”
BackgroundCHANNEL EXPANSION THEORY AND THE EXPERIENTIAL NATURE OF MEDIA RICHNESS PERCEPTIONS.
Carlson, J. R., & Zmud, R. W. (1999) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/257090 · Cited by 1,270 · see citing works
NEWCOMER INFORMATION SEEKING: EXPLORING TYPES, MODES, SOURCES, AND OUTCOMES.
Morrison, E. W. (1993) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256592 · Cited by 1,002 · see citing works
Blascovich, J., Loomis, J., Beall, A. C., Swinth, K. R., Hoyt, C. L., & Bailenson, J. N. (2002) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1302_01 · Cited by 1,280 · see citing works
Out of Sight, Out of Sync: Understanding Conflict in Distributed Teams
Hinds, P. J., & Bailey, D. E. (2003) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.14.6.615.24872 · Cited by 974 · see citing works
“Differences among technologies in their ability to support communication have been explained by the media richness theory of Daft and Lengel (1984), which holds that media vary in the richness of the information transmitted and that richer media are more effective at reducing ambiguity and…”
BackgroundThe role of moderating factors in user technology acceptance
Sun, H., & Zhang, P. (2005) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.04.013 · Cited by 1,002 · see citing works
“According to information rich theory (Daft and Lengel, 1984), individuals choose media by matching the information requirements of the task to the information richness of the media (Straub et al.”
BackgroundInteractional Coherence in CMC
Herring, S. C. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1999.tb00106.x · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Media Symbolism, Media Richness, and Media Choice in Organizations
Treviño, L. K., Lengel, R. H., & Daft, R. L. (1987) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365087014005006 · Cited by 896 · see citing works
Self-citationORGANIZATIONAL SOCIALIZATION AS A LEARNING PROCESS: THE ROLE OF INFORMATION ACQUISITION
Ostroff, C. L., & Kozlowski, S. W. J. (1992) · Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1992.tb00971.x · Cited by 859 · see citing works
Buyer–Supplier Relationships and Customer Firm Costs
Cannon, J. P., & Homburg, C. (2001) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1509/jmkg.65.1.29.18136 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
“In contrast to flexibility, adaptations tend to be long-term accommodations by a supplier that involve investments or permanent changes in rules and procedures designed to meet a particular customer’s needs.”
BackgroundRelational Aspects of Computer-Mediated Communication: Experimental Observations over Time
Walther, J. B. (1995) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.6.2.186 · Cited by 795 · see citing works
“" These patterns are, in a sense, similar to the findings of Finholt and Sproull (1990), who suggested that studying "electronic groups at work may also help us understand play at work" (p.”
ResultMedia legitimacy and corporate environmental communication
Aerts, W., & Cormier, D. (2008) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2008.02.005 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Using the Plural Form in the Management of Restaurant Chains
Bradach, J. L. (1997) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393921 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Social Construction of Communication Technology
Fulk, J. L., & Yu, Y. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118955567.wbieoc190 · Cited by 735 · see citing works
Rice, R. E. (1993) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00309.x · Cited by 725 · see citing works
ELECTRONIC BRAINSTORMING AND GROUP SIZE.
Gallupe, R. B., Dennis, A. R., Cooper, W. H., Valacich, J. S., Bastianutti, L. M., & Nunamaker, J. F. (1992) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256377 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
The Effect of Culture on IT Diffusion: E-Mail and FAX in Japan and the U.S.
Straub, D. W. (1994) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.5.1.23 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
“, that channel which possesses the required level of information richness (Daft and Lengel 1984).”
BackgroundPanacea or Panopticon?: The Hidden Power in Computer-Mediated Communication
SPEARS, R., & LEA, M. (1994) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365094021004001 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Nambisan, S., & Baron, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2009.00667.x · Cited by 908 · see citing works
Yoo, Y., & Alavi, M. (2001) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3250922 · Cited by 679 · see citing works
Market Intelligence Dissemination across Functional Boundaries
Maltz, E. N., & Kohli, A. K. (1996) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224379603300105 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Straus, S. G., & McGrath, J. E. (1994) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.1.87 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Tatikonda, M. V., & Rosenthal, S. R. (2000) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/17.820727 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Task Analyzability, Use of New Media, and Effectiveness: A Multi-Site Exploration of Media Richness
Rice, R. E. (1992) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.3.4.475 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Thiétart, R. A., & Forgues, B. (1995) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.6.1.19 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Burns, L. R., & Wholey, D. R. (1993) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256514 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Smith, K. G., Grimm, C. M., Gannon, M. J., et al. (1991) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256302 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Parks, M. R., & Floyd, K. (1996) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01462.x · Cited by 1,000 · see citing works
Online Dating: A Critical Analysis From the Perspective of Psychological Science
Finkel, E. J., Eastwick, P. W., Karney, B. R., Reis, H. T., & Sprecher, S. (2012) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100612436522 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
E-leadership: Re-examining transformations in leadership source and transmission
Avolio, B. J., Sosik, J. J., Kahai, S. S., & Baker, B. (2014) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.003 · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Mohr, D. C., Schueller, S. M., Montague, E., Burns, M. N., & Rashidi, P. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3077 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
“In considering the medium, it can be useful to apply a framework, such as media richness theory, which can provide information on how media may vary in their suitability for communicating different types of information effectively [17].”
BackgroundNew Media and the Coproduction of Safety
Meijer, A. J. (2012) · The American Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1177/0275074012455843 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Schnackenberg, A. K., & Tomlinson, E. C. (2016) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206314525202 · Cited by 762 · see citing works
“…relations indicate a trend toward interactions governed less by face-to-face communication and more by technology-enabled exchanges of information that can develop over great distances and intervals of time (e.g., via e-mails and letters; see Daft & Lengel, 1984; Daft, Lengel, & Trevino, 1987).”
BackgroundHerring, S. (2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470753460.ch32 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
“In contrast, CMD is a "lean" medium (Daft & Lengel, 1984), in that information is available only through the visual channel, and that information is limited to typed text.”
BackgroundArtifacts and cultures-of-use in intercultural communication
Thorne, S. L. (2003) · Language Learning & Technology · doi:10.64152/10125/25200 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
“One early and quite robust line of CMC research describes the medium as "not rich enough" for many task-related needs (Daft & Lengel, 1984, in Walther, 1996, p. 3), nor is CMC effective for interpersonal exchanges as there is "scant social information" available (Dubrovsky, Kiesler, & Sethna, 1991,…”
BackgroundLeader distance: a review and a proposed theory
Antonakis, J., & ATWATER, L. E. (2002) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(02)00155-8 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Tsang, E. W. (2002) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.251 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
“Since personal contacts and faceto-face communication are rich communication media ( Daft and Lengel, 1984 ) that are well suited for identifying information to be transferred and for acquiring a deep understanding of information (Argote, 1999), intimate personal interactions are considered most effective during the e…”
BackgroundTransforming the communication between citizens and government through AI-guided chatbots
Androutsopoulou, A., Karacapilidis, N., Loukis, E., & Charalabidis, Y. (2019) · Government Information Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.giq.2018.10.001 · Cited by 567 · see citing works
Parks, M. R., & Floyd, K. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.1996.tb00176.x · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Cainelli, G., Marchi, V. D., & Grandinetti, R. (2015) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.008 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
“with it increases (Daft and Lengel, 1984; Tatikonda and Rosenthal, 2000). Starting from the seminal contribution by Teece (1986), innovation scholars agree in”
BackgroundHaas, M. R., & Hansen, M. T. (2004) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.429 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
“…its conversion to document form to make it more widely applicable, it is unlikely to be rich enough or sufficiently specific to the client’s situation to help the team with the challenge of developing the highly customized solution that a successful sales bid demands (cf. Daft and Lengel, 1984).”
BackgroundLinguistic perspectives on the development of intercultural competence in telecollaboration
Belz, J. A. (2003) · Language learning & technology · doi:10.64152/10125/25201 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
“…is particularly important in the case of text-only telecollaborative discourse because learner-learner interaction will be relatively "lean" (Daft & Lengel, 1984) with regard to visual channel cues such as gender, age, and ethnicity, but also with respect to other paralinguistic meaning…”
BackgroundInternet use in the contemporary media environment
Flanagin, A. J., & Metzger, M. J. (2001) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2001.tb00779.x · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Review: A Cognitive-Affective Model of Organizational Communication for Designing IT1,2
Te’eni, D. (2001) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3250931 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
The Impact of Extent of Telecommuting on Job Satisfaction: Resolving Inconsistent Findings
Golden, T. D., & Veiga, J. F. (2005) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206304271768 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
“The limited interactivity of the electronic media ( Daft & Lengel, 1984, 1986 ) coupled with increased social isolation (Ruppel & Harrington, 1995) may take a toll on the benefits of telecommuting.”
BackgroundDesigning Information Technology to Support Distributed Cognition
Boland, R. J., Tenkasi, R. V., & Te’eni, D. (1994) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.5.3.456 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
“richer as discussed by Daft and Lengel (1984) , because they take richness to be a media”
BackgroundDetermining Organizational Effectiveness: Another Look, and an Agenda for Research
Lewin, A. Y., & Minton, J. W. (1986) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.32.5.514 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Committed to Share: Commitment and CMC Use as Antecedents of Knowledge Sharing
van den Hooff, B., & van Weenen, F. D. L. (2004) · Knowledge and Process Management · doi:10.1002/kpm.187 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Informal communication in organizations : Form, function, and technology
Kraut, R. E., Fish, R., Root, R. W., Chalfonte, B. L., Oskamp, I. S., & Spacapan, S. (1990) · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Tatikonda, M. V., & Rosenthal, S. R. (2000) · Journal of Operations Management · doi:10.1016/s0272-6963(00)00028-0 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Hansen, M. T., & Haas, M. R. (2001) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2667123 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Bisbe, J., Batista-Foguet, J.-M., & Chenhall, R. (2007) · Accounting, Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2006.09.010 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
Paralanguage and social perception in computer‐mediated communication
Lea, M., & Spears, R. (1992) · Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce · doi:10.1080/10919399209540190 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Effect of store design on consumer purchases: an empirical study of on-line bookstores
Liang, T., & Lai, H.-J. (2002) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-7206(01)00129-x · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Finholt, T. A., & Sproull, L. S. (1990) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1.1.41 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Organizational Downsizing: A Convergence and Reorientation Framework
Freeman, S. J., & Cameron, K. S. (1993) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.4.1.10 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Codification and tacitness as knowledge management strategies: an empirical exploration
Schulz, M., & Jobe, L. A. (2001) · The Journal of High Technology Management Research · doi:10.1016/s1047-8310(00)00043-2 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
“Such matches between content and form have been explored in the context of media theory (Daft and Lengel, 1984; Daft and Lengel, 1986; Daft and Huber, 1987).”
BackgroundManaging team interpersonal processes through technology: A task-technology fit perspective.
Maruping, L. M., & Agarwal, R. (2004) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.6.975 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Social Capital and Knowledge Integration in Digitally Enabled Teams
Robert, L., Dennis, A. R., & Ahuja, M. K. (2008) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.1080.0177 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
“Second, lean digital networks are less able to provide concurrent feedback between the receiver and sender (Daft and Lengel 1984, Daft and Lengel 1986, Kiesler et al. 1984, Sproull and Kiesler 1986, Graetz et al. 1998, Dennis and Wixom 2002).”
BackgroundSee now, act now: How to interact with customers to enhance social commerce engagement?
Xue, J., Liang, X., Xie, T. F., & Wang, H. (2020) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2020.103324 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
HANSEN, M., & Haas, M. R. (2002) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/apbpp.2002.7510158 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Hu, N., Koh, N. S., & Reddy, S. K. (2013) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2013.07.009 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Employer Branding: A Brand Equity‐based Literature Review and Research Agenda
Theurer, C. P., Tumasjan, A., Welpe, I. M., & Lievens, F. (2016) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/ijmr.12121 · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Understanding consumer-to-consumer interactions in virtual communities: The salience of reciprocity
Chan, K. W., & Li, S. Y. (2009) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.08.009 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
The role of relationships in understanding telecommuter satisfaction
Golden, T. D. (2006) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.369 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
The Gratification Niches of Personal E-mail and the Telephone
Dimmick, J. W., Kline, S. L., & Stafford, L. (2000) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365000027002005 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Marketing’s Integration with Other Departments
Kahn, K. B., & Mentzer, J. T. (1998) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/s0148-2963(97)00068-4 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Burgoon, J. K., Bonito, J. A., Ramirez, A., Dunbar, N. E., Kam, K., & Fischer, J. (2002) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2002.tb02567.x · Cited by 400 · see citing works
“Daft and Lengel (1984) explain: “Rich media enable multiple cues and rapid feedback.”
BackgroundSuh, K. S. (1999) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/s0378-7206(98)00097-4 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
“Among several theories [21, 31, 34, 35] that try to explain how different communications media affect task performance, the media-richness theory (MRT) [4, 5] is one of the most frequently cited one.”
BackgroundWhy Are Individuals Attracted to Organizations?
Ehrhart, K. H., & Ziegert, J. C. (2005) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206305279759 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
“Daft and Lengel (1984) defined richness as “the potential information-carrying capacity of data” (p. 196), such that there is a positive relationship between the richness of communicated information and the understanding gained by the receiver of the information.”
BackgroundThe Impact of Infusing Social Presence in the Web Interface: An Investigation Across Product Types
Hassanein, K., & Head, M. M. (2005) · International Journal of Electronic Commerce · doi:10.2753/jec1086-4415100202 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
“It can also refer to the richness of the media or the interactivity afforded by the media [19, 79, 89, 93, 94].”
BackgroundBack to the future: revisiting Kotter's 1996 change model
Appelbaum, S. H., Habashy, S., Malo, J., & Shafiq, H. (2012) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/02621711211253231 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
The value of participation in virtual consumer communities on brand loyalty
Shang, R., Chen, Y., & Liao, H. (2006) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/10662240610690025 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
“However, researchers may view CMC as an information channel with limited capacity that primarily facilitates task-oriented work as opposed to socio-emotional interaction (Daft and Lengel, 1984, 1986).”
BackgroundAre opportunities recognized or constructed?
Vaghely, I. P., & Julien, P. (2008) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.06.004 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Social Influence in Computer-Mediated Communication: The Effects of Anonymity on Group Behavior
Postmes, T., Spears, R., Sakhel, K., & de Groot, D. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672012710001 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
“CMC also tends to be viewed as an impersonal medium that, in the terminology of Bales (1950), facilitates task-oriented exchanges as opposed to socioemotional interaction ( Daft & Lengel, 1984 ).”
BackgroundStraub, D. W., & Karahanna, E. (1998) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.9.2.160 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Developing a Model of Adolescent Friendship Formation on the Internet
Peter, J., Valkenburg, P. M., & Schouten, A. P. (2005) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.423 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Knowledge transfer and inter-firm relationships in industrial districts: the role of the leader firm
Albino, V., Garavelli, A. C., & Schiuma, G. (1998) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/s0166-4972(98)00078-9 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
- Authors
- Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. H.
- Affiliations
- Texas A&M University (US)
- Publisher
- Defense Technical Information Center
- Published
- 1983-05-01
- OpenAlex
- W1678916964
- Semantic Scholar
- aebced7c062997106dc3a180ccc6782639c23782
- Cited by
- 2,263
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 87 · 2014: 98 · 2013: 112 · 2012: 145
- Type
- report
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management and Organizational Studies
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management Theory and Practice
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Information Systems Theories and Implementation
- Keywords
- information richness, organizational design, internal coordination, information processing model, organizational mechanisms, organizational success
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review