Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Beta Carotene, and Cognitive Function Among Women With or at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Women’s Antioxidant and Cardiovascular Study
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Background— Cardiovascular factors are associated with cognitive decline. Antioxidants may be beneficial. Methods and Results— The Women’s Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study was a trial of vitamin E (402 mg every other day), beta carotene (50 mg every other day), and vitamin C (500 mg daily) for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. From 1995 to 1996, women ≥40 years of age with cardiovascular disease or ≥3 coronary risk factors were randomized. From 1998 to 1999, a cognitive function substudy was initiated among 2824 participants ≥65 years of age. With 5 cognitive tests, cognition was assessed by telephone 4 times over 5.4 years. The primary outcome was a global composite score averaging all scores; repeated-measures analyses were used to examine cognitive change over time. Vitamin E supplementation and beta carotene supplementation were not associated with slower rates of cognitive change (mean difference in change for vitamin E versus placebo, −0.01; 95% confidence interval, −0.05 to 0.04; P =0.78; for beta carotene, 0.03; 95% confidence interval, −0.02 to 0.07; P =0.28). Although vitamin C supplementation was associated with better performance at the last assessment (mean difference, 0.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.06 to 0.20; P =0.0005), it was not associated with cognitive change over time (mean difference in change, 0.02; 95% confidence interval, −0.03 to 0.07; P =0.39). Vitamin C was more protective against cognitive change among those with new cardiovascular events during the trial ( P for interaction=0.009). Conclusions— Antioxidant supplementation did not slow cognitive change among women with preexisting cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular disease risk factors. A possible late effect of vitamin C or beta carotene among those with low dietary intake on cognition warrants further study.
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Several prospective and interventional studies show no benefit of consuming antioxidants to preserve cognitive function or reduce decline.
“However, several prospective285 and interventional286,287 studies show no benefit of consuming antioxidants to preserve cognitive function or reduce decline.”
From Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (2011) · cites this paper as [287]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredClinical trials using antioxidants to scavenge ROS have consistently failed, and in some cases, actually increased mortality.
“This line of thinking has led to multiple clinical trials using antioxidants to scavenge ROS, yet these trials have consistently failed, and in some cases, actually increased mortality 84–87.”
From Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate cellular signaling and dictate biological outcomes (2010) · cites this paper as [85]
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- Authors
- Kang, J. H., Cook, N. R., Manson, J. E., Buring, J. E., Albert, C. M., & Grodstein, F.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2009-06-02
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 2772-2780
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- PMC
- PMC2752297
- OpenAlex
- W2133052971
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 8.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG15933, R01AG015933)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL046959, R01HL046959)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene, antioxidant supplementation, cognitive function, cognitive decline, cardiovascular disease, women, secondary prevention, coronary risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antioxidants, Ascorbic Acid, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cognition Disorders, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Memory Disorders, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Risk Factors, Vitamin E, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Failure, Oxidative Stress, Neuroprotective Agents, beta Carotene
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