Barriers to and facilitators of engaging with and adhering to guided internet-based interventions for depression prevention and reduction of pain-related disability in green professions: mixed methods study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Internet-based interventions (IBIs) are effective for the prevention and treatment of mental disorders and are valuable additions for improving routine care. However, the uptake of and adherence to IBIs are often limited. To increase the actual use of IBIs, it is important to identify factors for engaging with and adhering to IBIs. OBJECTIVE: We qualitatively evaluated barriers and facilitators regarding a portfolio of guided IBIs in green professions (farmers, gardeners, and foresters). METHODS: Interview participants were selected from 2 randomized controlled trials for either the prevention of depression (Prevention of Depression in Agriculturists [PROD-A]) or the reduction of pain interference (Preventive Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain in Agriculturists [PACT-A]) in green professions. The intervention group in PROD-A (N=180) participated in an IBI program, receiving access to 1 of 6 symptom-tailored IBIs. The intervention group in PACT-A (N=44) received access to an IBI for chronic pain. Overall, 41 semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted and transcribed verbatim. Barriers and facilitators were identified via inductive qualitative content analysis, with 2 independent coders reaching almost perfect intercoder reliability (Cohen κ=0.92). A quantitative follow-up survey (30/41, 73%) was conducted to validate the results. Subgroup analyses were performed based on intervention characteristics. RESULTS: We identified 42 barriers and 26 facilitators, which we assigned to 4 superordinate categories related to the intervention (20 barriers; 17 facilitators), work (4 barriers; 1 facilitator), individual (13 barriers; 8 facilitators), and technical (5 barriers; 0 facilitators) aspects. Key barriers (identified by at least 50% of the interviewees) were time-consuming work life (29/40, 73%) and time-consuming private life (23/40, 58%). Similarly, the most frequently identified facilitators included presence of motivation, curiosity, interest and perseverance (30/40, 75%), flexible time management at work (25/40, 63%), and support from family and friends (20/40, 50%). Although agreement with barriers in the quantitative follow-up survey was rather low (mean 24%, SD 11%), agreement with facilitators was substantially higher (mean 80%, SD 13%). Differences in agreement rates were found particularly between intervention completers and noncompleters. Completers agreed significantly more often that perceived IBI success; being motivated, curious, interested, and perseverant; and having a persisting level of psychological strain have been facilitating. Noncompleters agreed more often with experiencing the e-coach contact as insufficient and technical problems as hindering for intervention completion. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, strategies such as customization of modules for more flexible and adaptive use; video chat options with the e-coach; options to facilitate social support by family, friends, or other participants; or using prompts to facilitate training completion can be derived. These approaches could be evaluated in further quantitative research designs in terms of their potential to enhance intervention use in this occupational group. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00014000, https://tinyurl.com/3bukfr48; German Clinical Trials Register DRKS0001461, https://tinyurl.com/ebsn4sns.
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Low internet skills, lack of individual fit, and data security concerns are barriers for intervention use.
“Low internet skills, lack of individual fit, and data security concerns, are on the other hand described as barriers for intervention use (Braun et al., 2022; Freund et al., 2022; Gerhards et al., 2011; Holst et al., 2017; Mayer et al., 2019).”
From How to promote usage of telehealth interventions for farmers' mental health? A qualitative study on supporting and hindering aspects for acceptance and satisfaction with a personalized telephone coaching for depression prevention (2023) · cites this paper as Braun et al., 2022
The Results (Qualitative Findings; page not available) identify lack of computer skills or technical affinity as challenging and describe intervention requirements that participants perceived as too high or too low, supporting low skills and lack of individual fit as barriers. The passages found do not identify data security concerns as a barrier; searches for data protection, privacy, and security concerns found no such finding. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGiven time restrictions by often long and unpredictable working hours in farming, individual time composition appears especially important for adherence and might help dissolve the conflict of prioritizing work over help-seeking.
“Given time restrictions by often long and unpredictable working hours in this occupational group (Bowyer et al., 2023; Braun et al., 2022; Daghagh Yazd et al., 2019; Vayro et al., 2020), individual time composition appears to be especially important for adherence and might help to dissolve the conflict of prioritizing work over help-seeking reported in other studies (Vayro et al., 2020).”
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Jeon, M., Kim, M., Lee, Y., Lee, S., Kim, H., & Jung, D. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3720233 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fenski, F., Heinrich, M., Schaeuffele, C., Zagorscak, P., Knaevelsrud, C., & Boettcher, J. (2025) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2025.2565674 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Braun, L., Freund, J., Thielecke, J., Baumeister, H., Ebert, D. D., & Titzler, I.
- Affiliations
- Universität Ulm (DE)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Braun, Lina
- ORCID
- Venue
- JMIR Mental Health
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2022-11-09
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e39122
- ISSN
- 2368-7959 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9685507
- OpenAlex
- W4290190694
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 2.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JMIR Mental Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- OPen Access Repositorium der Universität Ulm (OPARU) (Ulm University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Universität Ulm, Kommunikations- und Informationszentrum (kiz) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
- Universität Ulm
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation
- Keywords
- online intervention, barriers to engagement, adherence, depression prevention, pain-related disability, chronic pain, farmers, gardeners, foresters, acceptance and commitment therapy, work-life balance, time management, family support, motivation, mental health promotion, workplace mental health, farmer mental health, digital mental health
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