A Web-Based Intervention Based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Family Caregivers of People With Dementia: Mixed Methods Feasibility Study
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Abstract
Background: Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), as an empirically based third-wave cognitive behavioral therapy, has shown promise in enhancing well-being and functioning across diverse populations. However, in the context of caregiving, the effect size of available ACT interventions remains at best moderate, sometimes accompanied by high dropout rates, highlighting the need for more effective and feasible intervention designs. Objective: The objective of our study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a fully online ACT program designed for family caregivers of people with dementia. This study aimed to boost psychological flexibility and support caregivers, enabling them to realize and prioritize their own life values alongside their caregiving responsibilities. Methods: A mixed methods feasibility study using an uncontrolled pretest-posttest design was conducted. This intervention included a 9-week web-based self-help program based on ACT incorporating collaborative goal setting and weekly web-based motivational coaching for family caregivers of people with dementia. This study involved 30 informal caregivers recruited through memory clinics and social media platforms in the Netherlands and received approval from the Medical Ethics Committee of the Maastricht University Medical Center+ (NL77389.068.21/metc21-029). Results: A total of 24 caregivers completed the postintervention assessment, indicating a high adherence rate (24/29, 83%). Caregivers reported positive feedback regarding collaborative goal setting, but some found challenges in implementing new skills due to their own habitual responses or the unpredictable context of dementia caregiving. Personalizing the intervention based on individual value preferences was highlighted as beneficial. Conclusions: Compared to other web-based self-help ACT interventions for family caregivers, this intervention showed a high adherence and sufficient level of feasibility, which underscores the use of personalization in delivering web-based interventions. Moreover, the potential of this ACT-based intervention for family caregivers of people with dementia was demonstrated, suggesting that further research and a larger-scale controlled trial are warranted to validate its effectiveness. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): RR2-10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070499
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Most studies report positive efficacy and feasibility for remote delivery by telephone, videoconference, or software.
“Most studies have shown positive results regarding efficacy and feasibility of the delivery method, whether the intervention was delivered via telephone, videoconference, or software on websites or apps (Atefi et al., 2024; Boyt et al., 2022; Han et al., 2021; Leng et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020).”
From Feasibility and acceptability of a telephone-based ACT intervention for caregivers (TACTICs) of adults with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD): a randomized pilot during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2025) · cites this paper as Atefi et al., 2024
The Discussion (Guided Self-Help Interventions for Caregivers; page unavailable) reports that this web-based intervention with coaching was highly feasible and acceptable. The Methods (Assessment; page unavailable) explicitly say that preliminary efficacy will be reported elsewhere. This paper therefore supports the feasibility of one remotely delivered intervention, but not the claim that most studies found positive efficacy and feasibility across telephone, videoconference, and software delivery. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese findings align with existing literature on ACT with participants which describe flexibility, convenience, and remote delivery with minimal need for technology as increasing access to mental health services.
“These findings align with existing literature on ACT with participants which describe flexibility, convenience, and remote delivery with minimal need for technology as increasing access to mental health services (Atefi et al., 2024; Durepos et al., 2023).”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Tele-Counselling Program With Care Partners of Persons Living With Dementia: A Pilot Feasibility RCT. (2026) · cites this paper as Atefi et al., 2024
The Introduction’s “eHealth Adaptations for Family Caregivers” section describes web-based interventions as accessible and usable on caregivers’ own time, supporting the flexibility, convenience, and remote-delivery parts of the claim. The paper does not say they require minimal technology; the same section identifies difficulty accessing and using eHealth among some caregivers, and the Discussion’s “Guided Self-Help Interventions for Caregivers” section describes a need for technical training and support. The cited study concerns family caregivers of people with dementia, rather than access to mental health services generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEvidence for feasibility and acceptability of remote and in-person ACT interventions has been generated in the USA and Europe.
“Evidence for feasibility and acceptability of remote and in-person ACT interventions has been generated in the USA and Europe (Atefi et al., 2024; Ferreira et al., 2023; Scott et al., 2023).”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Tele-Counselling Program With Care Partners of Persons Living With Dementia: A Pilot Feasibility RCT. (2026) · cites this paper as Atefi et al., 2024
ACT helps individuals manage stressors by fostering acceptance, mindfulness, commitment, and behavior change, which enhance psychological flexibility and coping skills.
“ACT helps individuals manage stressors by fostering acceptance, mindfulness, commitment, and behavior change, which enhance psychological flexibility and coping skills (Atefi et al., 2024).”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Tele-Counselling Program With Care Partners of Persons Living With Dementia: A Pilot Feasibility RCT. (2026) · cites this paper as Atefi et al., 2024
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Ong, C. W., Terry, C. L., Levin, M. E., & Twohig, M. P. (2023) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000596 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Vara-García, C., Romero-Moreno, R., Barrera-Caballero, S., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D. S., Cabrera, I., Márquez-González, M., Olazarán, J., & Losada, A. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1821169 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bartels, S. L., van Knippenberg, R. J. M., Viechtbauer, W., Simons, C. J. P., Ponds, R., Myin‐Germeys, I., Verhey, F. R. J., & de Vugt, M. E. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1857692 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationIn global approaches to dementia research, do not forget care
Monnet, F., Dupont, C., & Pivodic, L. (2023) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02356-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Atefi, G. L., van Knippenberg, R. J. M., Bartels, S. L., Verhey, F. R. J., & de Vugt, M. E. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070499 · Cited by 3 · cited 6× · see citing works
“…Maastricht for the purpose of quality and control at the beginning of the study (ie, site initiation visit); during the course of the study (ie, interim monitoring visits); and at the end of the study, when participants had completed the study and all data had been collected (close-out visit) [33].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationCaregiving in the U.S. 2020: Methodology
National Alliance for Caregiving, & AARP (2020) · doi:10.26419/ppi.00103.005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 80 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [10]Hayes SC Strosahl KD Wilson KG Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: The Process and Practice of Mindful Change 2011 New York, NY The Guilford Press
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Atefi, G., Koh, W. Q., Kohl, G., Seydavi, M., Swift, J. K., Akbari, M., & de Vugt, M. E. (2024) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2024.04.008 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationHan, A., Oster, R. A., Yuen, H. K., Jenkins, J., Hawkins, J., & Edwards, L. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/67545 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Atefi, G., van Knippenberg, R. J. M., Bartels, S. L., Losada‐Baltar, A., Márquez‐González, M., Verhey, F. R. J., & de Vugt, M. E. (2025) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2025.2477600 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationZhou, Y., Wen, X., Li, Y., Liu, L., & Li, Q. S. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100868 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hockemeyer, N. G., Johns, S. A., Judge, K. S., Baucco, C., Gowan, T., Slaven, J. E., & Fowler, N. R. (2025) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2025.2453823 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Most studies have shown positive results regarding efficacy and feasibility of the delivery method, whether the intervention was delivered via telephone, videoconference, or software on websites or apps (Atefi et al. 2024; Boyt et al. 2022; Han et al. 2022; Leng et al. 2020; Zhang et al. 2020).”
Atefi, G., Viechtbauer, W., Czaja, S. J., van Knippenberg, R. J. M., den Block, L. V., Geeraerts, J., Verhey, F. R. J., de Vugt, M. E., & Bartels, S. L. (2025) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100889 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationDurepos, P., Ricketts, N., Olthuis, J. V., Gould, O. N., Boamah, S. A., McCloskey, R., Lanteigne, M., Giberson, E. R., Caverhill, K., Pickford, K., et al. (2026) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/07334648251338303 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…(at least by telephone) by a trained therapist with perceived bene fi ts. CBTremains the most widely available form of psychotherapy; however, therapists and mental health providers should consider offering ACT to care partners and providing services through remote modalities (Ate fi et al., 2024).”
InfluentialBatura, J., Green, G., Kelley, H. H., Aller, T. B., Gossner, J., & Fauth, E. (2026) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2026.2622511 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychological Flexibility in Dementia Caregiving: The Adaptive Support Model
Green, G., Batura, J., Kelley, H. H., Bradford, K. P., & Fauth, E. B. (2026) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.70054 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
LUTO EM CUIDADORES FAMILIARES DE PESSOAS COM DEMÊNCIA DE ALZHEIMER
Brito, L., Leite, Â. M. T., & Pereira, M. G. (2024) · Editora Artemis eBooks · doi:10.37572/edart_30072416115
Humanidades e Ciências Sociais: Perspectivas Teóricas, Metodológicas e de Investigação V
Beltrán, L. F. G. (2024) · Editora Artemis eBooks · doi:10.37572/edart_300724161
LUTO EM CUIDADORES FAMILIARES DE PESSOAS COM DEMÊNCIA DE ALZHEIMER
Brito, L., Leite, Â. M. T., & Pereira, M. G. (2024) · Editora Artemis eBooks · doi:10.37572/edart_31072416115
Cho, J., Birchfield, T., Thorud, J. L., Ory, M. G., & Stevens, A. B. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/60143
Fakolade, A. O., Cardwell, K. L., Chow, E., Ross‐White, A., & Pilutti, L. A. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251365141
Wu, J., Zhao, Z., Ma, Y., Liu, Y., Xiao, M., & Wang, J. (2025) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s542980
- Authors
- Atefi, G. L., van Knippenberg, R. J. M., Bartels, S. L., Losada-Baltar, A., Márquez-González, M., Verhey, F. R. J., & de Vugt, M. E.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Atefi, Golnaz. L
- ORCID
- Venue
- JMIR Aging
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2024-04-04
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- e53489
- ISSN
- 2561-7605 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11027053
- OpenAlex
- W4390799605
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5
- FWCI
- 7.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JMIR Aging (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Hispana (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Biblos-e Archivo (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- European Commission (813196, HORIZON2020)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- acceptance and commitment therapy, family caregivers, dementia caregiving, online intervention, self-help programs, feasibility, acceptability, psychological flexibility, collaborative goal setting, motivational coaching, caregiver well-being
- MeSH terms
- Internet-Based Intervention, Dementia, Feasibility Studies, Humans, Caregivers, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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