Correlations between objective behavioral features collected from mobile and wearable devices, and depressive mood symptoms in affective disorders: A systematic review (Preprint)
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BACKGROUND: Several studies have recently reported on the correlation between objective behavioral features collected via mobile and wearable technologies and depressive mood symptoms in affective disorders (unipolar disorder and bipolar disorder). However, individual studies have reported on different and sometimes contradicting results, and no quantitative systematic review of the correlation between objective behavioral features and depressive mood symptoms has been published. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this systematic review were to 1) provide an overview of correlations between objective behavioral features and depressive mood symptoms reported in the literature, and 2) investigate the strength and statistical significance of these correlations across studies. The answers to these questions could potentially help in the identification on which objective features have shown most promising results across studies. METHODS: A systematic review of the scientific literature reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted. IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Web of Sciences, PsychINFO, Pubmed, DBLP computer science bibliography, HTA, DARE, Scopus and Science Direct were searched and supplemented by hand examination of reference lists. The search ended 04/27-2017 and was limited to studies published 2007-2017. RESULTS: A total of 46 studies were eligible for the review. These studies identified and investigated 85 unique objective behavioral features covering 17 various sensor data inputs. These features can be categorized into seven overall categories. Several features were found to have statistically significant and consistent correlation directionality with mood assessment (e.g., the amount of home stay, sleep duration, vigorous activity), while others showed directionality discrepancies across the studies (e.g., amount of SMS sent, time you spend between locations, frequency of smartphone screen activity). CONCLUSIONS: Several studies showed consistent and statistically significant correlations between objective behavioral features collected by mobile and wearable technology and depressive mood symptoms. Hence, continuous and every-day monitoring of behavioral aspects in affective disorders could be a promising supplementary objective measure to estimate depressive mood symptoms. However, the evidence is limited by methodological issues in individual studies and by a lack of standardization of 1) the collected objective features, 2) the mood assessment methodology, and 3) the statistical methods applied. Therefore, consistency in data collection and analysis in future studies is needed making replication studies as well as meta-analyses possible.
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Passive sensor data can be used to predict various symptoms of mental disorders or mental health problems.
“This type of research has established that passive sensor data can be used to predict various symptoms of mental disorders or mental health problems (23, 33–38), as well as their future development [e.g., (39)].”
From Personalised depression forecasting using mobile sensor data and ecological momentary assessment (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
The exploratory passive feature list was selected based on technical feasibility and associations with mood symptoms found in previous studies.
“This exploratory feature list was selected based on technical feasibility, as well as on associations with mood symptoms found in previous studies (38).”
From Personalised depression forecasting using mobile sensor data and ecological momentary assessment (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
Mobile phone technology provides an unobtrusive, continuous, and cost-efficient means to capture individuals' daily behaviors and statuses using embedded sensors such as accelerometers, GPS sensors, and Bluetooth sensors.
“Mobile phone technology provides an unobtrusive, continuous, and cost-efficient means to capture individuals’ daily behaviors and statuses using a number of embedded sensors, such as accelerometers, GPS sensors, and Bluetooth sensors [6].”
Inherent in these data sets are behavioral patterns: routines, rhythms, activities, and interactions that are useful in complementing traditional depression assessment methods, in studying the mental health of individuals, and in developing timely mental health interventions.
“Inherent in these data sets are behavioral patterns: routines, rhythms, activities, and interactions that are useful in complementing traditional depression assessment methods, in studying the mental health of individuals, and in developing timely mental health interventions [14,22,25-28].”
The heterogeneity and inconsistency in correlation findings (linear relationships) in the field are common issues.
“The heterogeneity and inconsistency in correlation findings (ie, linear relationships) in the field are common issues [26].”
Rohani et al. meta-analytic review revealed that the association between time spent at home and depressive symptoms was the most consistently significant finding of any smartphone-derived feature.
“Rohani et al. (15) revealed that the association between time spent at home and depressive symptoms was the most consistently significant finding of any smartphone-derived feature in the analysis.”
From Predicting Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using Smartphone and Wearable Data (2021) · cites this paper as [15]
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
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- [91]Zhang X Hu B Zhou L Moore P Chen J An EEG based pervasive depression detection for females Lect Notes Comput Sci (including Subser Lect Notes Artif Intell Lect Notes Bioinformatics) Internet Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2013 ICPCA/SWS'12 Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Pervasive Computing and the Networked World November 28-30, 2012 Istanbul, Turkey 848 861
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“In order to translate encouraging fi ndings from smart sensing studies (37, 38, 83) into tangible healthcare solutions, it is essential to address underlying processes governing both initial and long-term use.”
Background
- Authors
- Rohani, D. A., Faurholt-Jepsen, M., Kessing, L. V., & Bardram, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Copenhagen Center for Health Technology (DK)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Rohani, Darius Adam
- Venue
- JMIR mhealth and uhealth
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2017-12-19
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- e165-e165
- ISSN
- 2291-5222 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6111148
- OpenAlex
- W2809351553
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 3.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JMIR mhealth and uhealth (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion)
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems
- Keywords
- mood disorders, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, mobile devices, wearable sensors, sleep duration, physical activity, text messaging, location tracking, mood tracking, digital phenotyping
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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