The ironson-woods spirituality/religiousness index is associated with long survival, health behaviors, less distress, and low cortisol in people with HIV/AIDS
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of an instrument that measures both spirituality and religiousness, to examine the relation between spirituality and religiousness and important health outcomes for people living with HIV and to examine the potential mediators of these relations. One aim was to determine whether subscales of spirituality, religiousness, or both would be independently related to long survival in people living with AIDS. The Ironson-Woods Spirituality/Religiousness (SR) Index is presented with evidence for its reliability and validity. Four factors were identified on the Ironson-Woods SR Index (Sense of Peace, Faith in God, Religious Behavior, and Compassionate View of Others). Each subscale was significantly related to long survival with AIDS. That is, the long-term survivor (LTS) group (n = 79) scored significantly higher on these factors than did the HIV-positive comparison (COMP) group (n = 200). Long survival was also significantly related to both frequency of prayer (positively) and judgmental attitude (negatively). In addition, the Ironson-Woods SR Index yielded strong and significant correlations with less distress, more hope, social support, health behaviors, helping others, and lower cortisol levels. The relation between religious behavior and health outcomes was not due to social support. Further analyses were conducted, which identified urinary cortisol concentrations and altruistic behavior as mediators of the relation between SR and long survival.
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Of the ten studies with quality ratings of 7 or higher, seven (70%) reported significant inverse associations with infection/viral load.
“Ten of the 12 studies had quality ratings of 7 or higher; of those, seven (70%) reported significant inverse associations with infection/viral load [440, 441, 449–454].”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [449]
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Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Ironson, G., Thoresen, C., Powell, L., Czajkowski, S., Burg, M., Keefe, F. J., Steffen, P., & Catellier, D. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3180cab76c · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Multidimensional scales that tap related specific spiritual factors such as meditation, forgiveness, or sense of peace are now available (43,44) and can provide additional insights into the possible health effects of spirituality and religion.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSpiritual Transformation, Psychological Well-Being, Health, and Survival in People with HIV
Ironson, G., & Kremer, H. (2009) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/pm.39.3.d · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationCorrelates of spirituality in older women
Vahia, I. V., Depp, C. A., Palmer, B. W., Fellows, I. E., Golshan, S., Thompson, W. K., Allison, M., & Jeste, D. V. (2010) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2010.501069 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“…Wright, Frost, & Wisecarver, 1993), lower smoking and alcohol use (Edlund et al., 2009; Underwood & Teresi, 2002), better quality of life (QoL); (Ironson et al., 2002; Underwood & Teresi, 2002), and better cognitive functioning (Hill, Burdette, J.L. Angel, & R.J. Angel, 2006; Reyes-Ortiz et…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: Impact of spirituality, religiosity, and QOL
Kaufman, Y., Anaki, D., Binns, M., & Freedman, M. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000260697.66617.59 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Adherence to Antiretroviral Medication Regimens: A Test of a Psychosocial Model
DiIorio, C. K., McCarty, F., DePadilla, L. M., Resnicow, K., Holstad, M. M., Yeager, K. A., Sharma, S. M., Morisky, D. E., & Lundberg, B. E. (2007) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-007-9318-4 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“…people with HIV who are more spiritual report more positive health practices (Latkin et al. 2002), more hope and social support (Ironson et al. 2002), less affective or emotional distress (Ironson et al. 2002; Sowell et al. 2000), and fewer depressive symptoms (Coleman 2004; Sterk et al. 2003).”
BackgroundMoadel, A. B., Bernstein, S. L., Mermelstein, R. J., Arnsten, J. H., Dolce, E. H., & Shuter, J. (2012) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e3182645679 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Spirituality was assessed with the Ironson-Woods Spirituality Index, which measures sense of peace, faith in a deity, religious behavior, and compassion for others.(28) Loneliness was assessed with the UCLA Loneliness Scale.”
MethodCarrico, A. W., Ironson, G., Antoni, M. H., Lechner, S. C., Durán, R. E., Kumar, M., & Schneiderman, N. (2006) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.04.005 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Previous investigations have observed that spirituality is associated with lower depressive symptoms [14–17] and decreased 15-h urinary-free cortisol output [17] in diverse cohorts of HIV-positive persons.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationHill, P. C., & Edwards, E. (2012) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14045-003 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Modeling the effects of spirituality/religion on patients’ perceptions of living with HIV/AIDS
Szaflarski, M., Ritchey, P. N., Leonard, A. C., Mrus, J. M., Peterman, A. H., Ellison, C. G., McCullough, M. E., & Tsevat, J. (2006) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00646.x · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Social support and religiosity as coping strategies for anxiety in hospitalized cardiac patients
Hughes, J. W., Tomlinson, A., Blumenthal, J. A., Davidson, J. R. T., Sketch, M. H., & Watkins, L. L. (2004) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2803_6 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Psychosomatic Medicine: The Scientific Foundation of the Biopsychosocial Model
Novack, D. H., Cameron, O. G., Epel, E. S., Ader, R., Waldstein, S. R., Levenstein, S., Antoni, M. H., & Wainer, A. (2007) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ap.31.5.388 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Research shows that stressful life events, depression, personality and coping style, social support, spirituality (128, 129), and stress management techniques (130) are associated with immune system alterations and/or clinical disease course in HIV-infected persons.”
BackgroundBenito, E., Oliver, A., Galiana, L., Barreto, P., Pascual, A., Bofill, C. G., & Barbero, J. (2013) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.06.018 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Psychosocial Influences on HIV-1 Disease Progression: Neural, Endocrine, and Virologic Mechanisms
Cole, S. W. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181773bbd · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“No prospective study of HIV-1 disease progression has found HPA axis activity to be a plausible mediator of biobehavioral risk in multivariate statistical analysis, although one cross-sectional result is consistent with that hypothesis (20).”
ResultBormann, J. E., Aschbacher, K., Wetherell, J. L., Roesch, S., & Redwine, L. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.09.017 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Published by Elsevier Inc. Keywords: Complementary therapies; Cortisol; HIV/AIDS; Meditation; Mind-body relaxation technique; Psychoneuroimmunology; Spirituality”
Disease-associated differences in religious cognition in patients with Parkinson's disease
Butler, P. M., McNamara, P., Ghofrani, J., & Durso, R. (2011) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2011.575768 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“(Ironson et al., 2002; Koenig et al., 1992), and enhanced quality of life and well-being in healthy elderly (Ellison & Levin, 1998; Koenig, 1994, 2000; Koenig, Hays, et al.”
BackgroundReligiosity and Health: A Holistic Biopsychosocial Perspective
Page, R. L., Peltzer, J. N., Burdette, A. M., & Hill, T. D. (2020) · Journal of Holistic Nursing · doi:10.1177/0898010118783502 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…2004), white blood cells (King et al., 2001), Epstein-Barr virus (Das & Nairn, 2014; Hill et al., 2014), epinephrine (Maselko et al., 2007), cortisol (Ironson et al., 2002; Tobin & Slatcher, 2016), and overall allostatic load (Hill et al., 2014; Hill, Rote, et al., 2017; Maselko et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSpirituality/religiosity promotes acceptance-based responding and 12-step involvement
Carrico, A. W., Gifford, E. V., & Moos, R. H. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.004 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Longitudinal Spiritual Coping with Trauma in People with HIV: Implications for Health Care
Kremer, H., & Ironson, G. H. (2014) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2013.0280 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationReligious beliefs, social support, self‐efficacy and adjustment to cancer
Howsepian, B. A., & Merluzzi, T. V. (2009) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1442 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Dalmida, S. G. (2006) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840500436958 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“…relationships among spirituality, psychological variables (Coleman & Holzemer, 1999; Nelson et al., 2002; Simoni, Martone, & Kerwin, 2002; Somlai et al., 1996; Tuck, McCain, & Elswick, 2001) and the immune system (Ironson et al., 2002; Koenig et al., 1997; Sephton et al., 2001; Woods et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialAustin, P., Macdonald, J., & MacLeod, R. (2018) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel9030070 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Lucette, A., Ironson, G., Pargament, K., & Krause, N. (2016) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2016.03.005 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“94) subscale have previously demonstrated good reliability.(38) Internal consistency for the 4 items presented in this study was good (α 1⁄4 0.”
MethodSelf-citationIronson, G. H., O’Cleirigh, C. M., Kumar, M., Kaplan, L. M., Balbin, E., Kelsch, C. B., Fletcher, M. A., & Schneiderman, N. (2014) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0877-x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“However, our previous work has shown relationships between psychosocial variables and neurohormones, such as spirituality and low cortisol [66] and perceived stress and NE [7] and changes in symptoms of PTSD and both cortisol and NE [67].”
Self-citationCobb, M., Dowrick, C. F., & Lloyd‐Williams, M. (2012) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.06.017 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Tarakeshwar, N., Pearce, M., & Sikkema, K. J. (2005) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13694670500138908 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Ironson et al. (2002) found that, among men and women with HIV, specific dimensions of spirituality (sense of peace, faith in God) were associated with better immune status (i.e., lower cortisol) and mental health (i.e., lower anxiety, perceived stress).”
BackgroundFeinstein, M., Liu, K., Ning, H., Fitchett, G., & Lloyd-Jones, D. M. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.879973 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Ramer, L., Johnson, D. L., Chan, L. S., & Barrett, M. T. (2006) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043659606288373 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Ironson et al. (2002) determined the reliability and validity of an instrument for examining the relation between spirituality and religiousness and health outcomes for people living with HIV.”
BackgroundChaudoir, S. R., Norton, W. E., Earnshaw, V. A., Moneyham, L. L., Mugavero, M. J., & Hiers, K. M. (2011) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-011-0039-3 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Kendrick, H. M. (2016) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2016.1201196 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“…meaning, values, religious support, and R/S history (Dalmida et al., 2009; Fitzpatrick et al., 2007; Holstad et al., 2006; Ironson & Kremer, 2009; Ironson et al., 2002, 2006; Mellins et al., 2009; Pecoraro et al., 2013; Powell-Cope et al., 2003; Simoni et al., 2006; Vyas et al., 2014;…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPrayer at Midlife is Associated with Reduced Risk of Cognitive Decline in Arabic Women
Inzelberg, R., Afgin, A. E., Massarwa, M., Schechtman, E., Israeli‐Korn, S., Strugatsky, R., Abuful, A., Kravitz, E., Farrer, L. A., & Friedland, R. P. (2013) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205011310030014 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Possible mechanisms by which spirituality/religiosity may affect health outcomes include a more favorable immune profile [6, 7], lower rates of depression [8, 9], higher compliance with treatment [10], quicker response to acute health crises [11-13], healthier lifestyles (e.”
BackgroundReligious Participation and Biological Functioning in Mexico
Hill, T. D., Rote, S. M., & Ellison, C. G. (2017) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264317716244 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“, 2007), cortisol (Ironson et al., 2002; Tobin & Slatcher, 2016), and overall allostatic load (Hill et al.”
BackgroundResultReligiosity May Help Preserve the Cortisol Rhythm in Women with Stress-Related Illness
Dedert, E. A., Studts, J. L., Weissbecker, I., Salmon, P. G., Banis, P., & Sephton, S. E. (2004) · The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine · doi:10.2190/2y72-6h80-bw93-u0t6 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Among these studies, relationships between religiosity and positive health outcomes may actually be driven by social support [3].”
BackgroundGender, ethnicity and spiritual coping among bereaved HIV-positive individuals
Tarakeshwar, N., Hansen, N. B., Kochman, A., & Sikkema, K. J. (2004) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/1367467042000240383 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Religiosity as a coping response has been associated with lower depression (Woods, Antoni, Ironson, & Kling, 1999), greater optimism (Biggar et al., 1999), better quality of life (Flanelly, & Inouye, 2001), greater life satisfaction (Carson, 1993), and better physical health (Ironson et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialTobin, E. T., & Slatcher, R. B. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000372 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Safren, S. A., Radomsky, A. S., Otto, M. W., & Salomon, E. (2002) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1176/appi.psy.43.6.478 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Schnell, T., Fuchs, D., & Hefti, R. (2020) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-020-01008-5 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Religious Attendance and Biological Risk: A National Longitudinal Study of Older Adults
Suh, H., Hill, T. D., & Koenig, H. G. (2018) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-018-0721-0 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Kang, E., Rapkin, B. D., Remien, R. H., Mellins, C. A., & Oh, A. (2005) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-005-3896-9 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“…with HIV/AIDS have supported the associations between psychological distress and perceived social support (Hudson et al., 2001; Fleishman et al., 2000), HIV illness progression (Golub et al., 2003), physical functioning (Vogl et al., 1999) and spirituality (Tuck et al., 2001; Ironson et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSpiritual coping predicts 5-year health outcomes in adolescents with cystic fibrosis
Reynolds, N. C., Mrug, S., Britton, L. J., Guion, K., Wolfe, K. R., & Gutierrez, H. H. (2014) · Journal of Cystic Fibrosis · doi:10.1016/j.jcf.2014.01.013 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“These estimates are comparable to the effects of spiritual coping on mortality in older adults [14,17] and are consistent with the role of spiritual coping in health outcomes of multiple adult patient groups [11–13,15,16].”
BackgroundResultSpirituality and Religiosity in Patients with HIV: A Test and Expansion of a Model
Kudel, I., Cotton, S., Szaflarski, M., Holmes, W. C., & Tsevat, J. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9229-x · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“In patients with HIV, spirituality/religiosity has also been found to be associated with improved cortisol levels [13, 14] and CD4+ counts [15].”
BackgroundReligion, Spirituality, and HIV Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Doolittle, B. R., Justice, A. C., & Fiellin, D. A. (2016) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-016-1651-z · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“However, neither spirituality nor self-transcendence was associated with disease progression or severity [18].”
BackgroundThe Revised Intrinsic/Extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale in a Sample of Attica’s Inhabitants
Darvyri, P. P., Galanakis, M., Avgoustidis, A. G., Pateraki, N. S., Vasdekis, S. N., & Darviri, C. (2014) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2014.513166 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Positive emotions: exploring the other hemisphere in behavioral medicine
Chesney, M. A., Darbes, L. A., Hoerster, K., Taylor, J. M., Chambers, D. B., & Anderson, D. E. (2005) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm1202_2 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Phillips, K. D., Mock, K. S., Bopp, C. M., Dudgeon, W. D., & Hand, G. A. (2006) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840500436917 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“A growing body of evidence suggests that spiritual well-being, or spirituality, enhances health and contributes to quality of life for HIV-infected individuals (Chibnall, Videen, Duckro, & Miller, 2002; Coleman & Holzemer, 1999; Gray & Cason, 2002; Ironson et al., 2002).”
BackgroundSpiritual Wellness, Holistic Health, and the Practice of Health Education
Hawks, S. R. (2004) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2004.10603599 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“The Ironson-woods Spirituality/Religiousness Index is associated with long survival, health behaviors, less distress, and low cortisol in people with HIV/AIDS.”
BackgroundWeaver, K. E., Antoni, M. H., Lechner, S. C., Durán, R. E., Penedo, F. J., Fernandez, M. I., Ironson, G. H., & Schneiderman, N. (2004) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1023/b:aibe.0000030248.52063.11 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…why religious coping was unrelated to perceived stress and quality of life in this population, as other researchers have found significant relationships between greater religiousness/spirituality and less perceived stress and distress in HIV+ individuals (Ironson et al., 2002; Woods et al., 1999).”
Self-citationBekelman, D. B., Parry, C., Curlin, F. A., Yamashita, T. E., Fairclough, D. L., & Wamboldt, F. S. (2010) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.08.005 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“used and have demonstrated validity and reliability in previous psychometric testing.(21,22) In addition, they are uniquely suited to this”
BackgroundMethodIronson, G. H., Lucette, A., Hylton, E., Pargäment, K. I., & KRAUSE, N. M. (2018) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-018-0600-8 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationKremer, H., Ironson, G. H., Schneiderman, N., & Hautzinger, M. (2006) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2006.20.335 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationSpiritual Well-Being and Health-Related Quality of Life Among African–American Women with HIV/AIDS
Dalmida, S. G., Holstad, M. M., DiIorio, C. K., & Laderman, G. (2010) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-010-9122-6 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…Pargament 2003; Miller and Thoresen 2003), HIV persons, in general (Ironson et al. 2002; Woods et al. 1999), and for HIV-positive women, including an improvement in quality of life (QOL; Grimsley 2006; Sowell et al. 2001) and longer HIV-related survival (Ironson et al. 2002; Ironson et al. 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialYan, G. W. (2016) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-15-00103 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Berk, L., Bellinger, D. L., Koenig, H. G., Daher, N. S., Pearce, M., Robins, C. J., Nelson, B., Shaw, S. F., Cohen, H. J., & King, M. (2015) · Open Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4236/ojpsych.2015.53028 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
O’Cleirigh, C. M., Ironson, G. H., Antoni, M. H., Fletcher, M. A., McGuffey, L., Balbin, E., Schneiderman, N., & Solomon, G. F. (2003) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00524-x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“The ECOMPLTS group was systematically chosen from a larger comparison group described elsewhere [24] so that the ECOMPLTS group would be equivalent to the LTS group on demographics and background variables.”
MethodSelf-citationReligious Attendance and Biological Functioning
Hill, T. D., Rote, S. M., Ellison, C. G., & Burdette, A. M. (2014) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264314529333 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“…2002; King, Mainous, Steyer, & Pearson, 2001), interleukin-6 (Koenig et al., 1997; Lutgendorf, Russell, Ullrich, Harris, & Wallace, 2004), white blood cells (King et al., 2001), epinephrine (Maselko et al., 2007), cortisol (Ironson et al., 2002), and overall allostatic load (Maselko et al., 2007).”
BackgroundResultBustillo, N. E., McGinty, H. L., Dahn, J. R., Yanez, B. R., Antoni, M. H., Kava, B., & Penedo, F. J. (2015) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4030 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“The Religious Behavior subscale of the Ironson–Woods Spirituality/Religiousness Index short form was used to assess religiosity [25].”
Assari, S., Lankarani, M. M., Malekahmadi, M. R., Caldwell, C. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2015) · Intern J Endocrinol Metab · doi:10.5812/ijem.31790 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Religiosity and spirituality have been associated with reductions in mean urinary cortisol (22) and elevated levels of immune cell counts (23), however, in cross-sectional studies.”
Background
- Authors
- Ironson, G., Solomon, G. F., Balbin, E. G., O’Cleirigh, C., George, A., Kumar, M., Larson, D., & Woods, T. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ironson, Gail
- Venue
- Annals of Behavioral Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-02
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 34-48
- ISSN
- 0742-5554 (ISSN-L)
- 0883-6612
- 1532-4796
- OpenAlex
- W2084329367
- Cited by
- 337
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 15.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH53791, R01MH053791)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Demography › Workplace Spirituality and Leadership
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Religion, Ecology, and Ethics
- Keywords
- spirituality, religiosity, HIV/AIDS, long-term survival, prayer frequency, religious behavior, belief in God, compassion, altruism, urinary cortisol, psychological distress, hope, social support, health behavior, instrument validity and reliability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Health Status, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Religion and Medicine, Social Support, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Health Behavior, HIV Infections, Survival Analysis, Outcome Assessment, Health Care
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