Racial and Gender Discrimination in the Stress Process: Implications for African American Women's Health and Well-Being

Perry, Brea L.; Harp, Kathi L. H.; Oser, Carrie B.

doi:10.1525/sop.2012.56.1.25

Cited by 266Gender, Health, and Social InequalityRacial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHealth disparities and outcomes

Racial and Gender Discrimination in the Stress Process: Implications for African American Women's Health and Well-Being

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Perry, Brea L., Harp, Kathi L. H., Oser, Carrie B.·2013·Sociological Perspectives

DOI 10.1525/sop.2012.56.1.25PMC PMC3783344

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Abstract

In recent decades, sociologists have increasingly adopted an intersectionality framework to explore and explain the complex and interconnected nature of inequalities in the areas of race, class, and gender. Using an inclusion-centered approach and a sample of 204 low-socioeconomic-status (SES) African American women, the authors theorize and explore the role of racial and gender discrimination in the stress process. Analyses examine relationships between social stressors (racial and gender discrimination) and individual stressors occurring in each of six distinct social contexts. Furthermore, the authors evaluate the effects of racial and gender discrimination as compared to individual stressors on three indicators of mental health and well-being. Findings suggest that racial and gender discrimination increases risk for poor health and low well-being, working both directly and indirectly through increased vulnerability to individual stressors. This research demonstrates the value of a more comprehensive study of stressors that influence the health of low-SES African American women and other multiply disadvantaged groups.

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Previous studies have demonstrated no relationship between SRE scores and age.
“However, it should be noted that previous studies have demonstrated no relationship between SRE scores and age (Klonoff et al., Citation1999; Landrine & Klonoff, Citation1996; Perry et al., Citation2013).”
From Examining associations between racism, internalized shame, and self-esteem among African Americans (2020) · cites this paper as Perry et al., 2013

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Examining associations between racism, internalized shame, and self-esteem among African Americans
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“However, it should be noted that previous studies have demonstrated no relationship between SRE scores and age (Klonoff et al., 1999; Landrine & Klonoff, 1996; Perry et al., 2013).”
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Gender-based violence and trauma in marginalized populations of women: Role of biological embedding and toxic stress
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Missing Pieces: Engaging Sociology of Disability in Medical Sociology
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Double jeopardy: Minority stress and the influence of transgender identity and race/ethnicity
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Multidimensional gender discrimination in workplace and depressive symptoms
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Discrimination, marginalization, belonging, and mental health among Somali immigrants in North America.
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Psychologically Resilient, but Physically Vulnerable? Exploring the Psychosocial Determinants of African American Women’s Mental and Physical Health
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Whose Stress is Making Me Sick? Network-stress and Emotional Distress in African-American Women
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Gender discrimination and depressive symptoms among child-bearing women: ELSPAC-CZ cohort study
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Don't look at it as a miracle cure: Contested notions of success and failure in family narratives of pediatric cochlear implantation
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Burdens of the what‐if: Vicarious anti‐ Black racism and stress for Black mothers
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Contextualizing Black Women’s Mental Health in the Twenty-First Century: Gendered Racism and Suicide-Related Behavior
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Machine learning predictive models to guide prevention and intervention allocation for anxiety and depressive disorders among college students
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Perceived Discrimination and Longitudinal Change in Kidney Function Among Urban Adults
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Race and General Strain Theory: Microaggressions As Mundane Extreme Environmental Stresses
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African American women's preventative care usage: the role of social support and racial experiences and attitudes
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Beyond Symptoms: Race and Gender Predict Anxiety Disorder Diagnosis
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Investigating Longitudinal Associations Between Racial Microaggressions, Coping, Racial/Ethnic Identity, and Mental Health in Black Girls and Women
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Black women’s mental health matters: Theoretical perspectives and future directions
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Gender Discrimination in the Workplace: Effects on Pregnancy Planning and Childbirth among South Korean Women
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Pregnancy associated epigenetic markers of inflammation predict depression and anxiety symptoms in response to discrimination
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The Epidemiology of Coping in African American Adults in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS)
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Race, Gender, and the Resources That Matter: An Investigation of Intersectionality and Health
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Compassion‐Based Meditation in African Americans: Self‐Criticism Mediates Changes in Depression
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The Influence of Race and Gender on Nursing Care Decisions: A Pain Management Intervention
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Is Physical Activity a Buffer? Gendered Racial Microaggressions and Anxiety Among African American Women
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Effect of perceived racial discrimination on self-care behaviors, glycemic control, and quality of life in adults with type 2 diabetes
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Caste Differences in Hypertension Among Women in India: Diminishing Health Returns to Socioeconomic Status for Lower Caste Groups
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Intersectional invisibility experiences of low-income African-American women in healthcare encounters
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Racial and gender discrimination by teachers: Risks for Black girls’ depressive symptomatology and suicidal ideation.
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Racial Discrimination, Sedentary Time, and Physical Activity in African Americans: Quantitative Study Combining Ecological Momentary Assessment and Accelerometers
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Exploring experiences and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on young racially minoritised people in the United Kingdom: A qualitative study
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Superwoman Schema and self-rated health in black women: Is socioeconomic status a moderator?
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Project THANKS: Examining HIV/AIDS-Related Barriers and Facilitators to Care in African American Women: A Community Perspective
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Perceived Discrimination, Alcohol Use Disorder and Alcohol-Related Problems in Sexual Minority Women of Color
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Differential Effect of Race, Education, Gender, and Language Discrimination on Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
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Black-White disparities in women’s physical health: The role of socioeconomic status and racism-related stressors
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Perceived Factors of Stress and Its Outcomes among Hotel Housekeepers in the Balearic Islands: A Qualitative Approach from a Gender Perspective
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Associations between social determinants of health, perceived discrimination, and body mass index on symptoms of depression among young African American mothers
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Factors associated with two types of child custody loss among a sample of African American mothers: A novel approach
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The Moderating Role of Coping Style on Chronic Stress Exposure and Cardiovascular Reactivity Among African American Emerging Adults
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The Role of Stressful Life Events and Cultural Factors on Criminal Thinking Among African American Women Involved in the Criminal Justice System
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A black and white issue? Learning to see the intersectional and racialized dimensions of gynecological pain
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Discrimination as a social determinant of stress and health among New York City taxi drivers
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Labor Rights as Human Rights
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Prejudice, Stigma, and Oppression on the Behavioral Health of Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders
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Meeting the Psychological Health & Growth Needs of Black College Students: Culture, Resonance and Resilience
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To Code-Switch or Not to Code-Switch: The Psychosocial Ramifications of Being Resilient Black Women Engineering and Computing Doctoral Students
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Experiences of race- and gender-based discrimination among Black female physicians
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Racial, ethnic and nativity inequalities in gestational diabetes mellitus: The role of racial discrimination
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Real-time racial discrimination, affective states, salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase in Black adults
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Black Girl Well-Being: A Scoping Review of Culturally and Gender Responsive Interventions
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Everyday discrimination indirectly influences smoking cessation through post-quit self-efficacy
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Maternal Age Patterns of Preterm Birth: Exploring the Moderating Roles of Chronic Stress and Race/Ethnicity
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Religious Discrimination Scale: Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation
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A comparison of single and intersectional social identities associated with discrimination and mental health service use: data from the 2014 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey in England
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Structural Stress and Otherness: How Do They Influence Psychological Stress?
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Examining educational attainment and allostatic load in non-Hispanic Black women
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“I don't have the energy”: Racial stress, young Black motherhood, and Canadian social policies
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Examining Race-Based and Gender-Based Discrimination, Trust in Providers, and Mental Well-Being Among Black Women
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(Un) Just Deserts: Examining Resource Deserts and the Continued Significance of Racism on Health in the Urban South
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Racial Socialization Provision in African American and Black Caribbean Families
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The experience of sexism in the workplace, belief in a just world, and depression: Scale development and mediating effect analysis
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The Cumulative Influence of Perceived Discrimination, Stress, and Coping Responses on Symptoms of Depression Among Young African American Mothers
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Gendered Racial Microaggressions, Self-silencing, Substance Use, and HIV Outcomes Among Black Women Living with HIV: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach
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Age discrimination in osteoporosis screening—Data from the Aalborg University Hospital Record for Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (AURORA)
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Perceived discrimination in the workplace and mental health from early adulthood to midlife.
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The Effect of Contextualized Racial and Gendered Stressors, Social Support, and Depression on Hypertension Illness Perceptions and Hypertension Medication Adherence in Young African American Women With Hypertension
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Racial/Ethnic Contrasts in the Relationships between Physical Disability, Perceived Discrimination, and Depressive Symptoms
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Police Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms in African American Women: The Intergenerational Impact of Genetic and Psychological Factors on Blood Pressure Study
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Stress Overload and DNA Methylation in African American Women in the Intergenerational Impact of Genetic and Psychological Factors on Blood Pressure Study
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The Relationship Between Bias-Related Victimization and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Among American Indian and Alaska Native Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Two-Spirit Community Members
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Experiences of Discrimination and Skin Color Among Women in Urban Brazil: A Latent Class Analysis
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Psychosocial stress and neuroendocrine biomarker concentrations among women living with or without HIV
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Maternal gender discrimination and child emotional and behavioural problems: A population-based, longitudinal cohort study in the Czech Republic
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Centering on Structural and Individual Employment Barriers for Human–Social Development
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Retaining Black Women in Computing: A Comparative Analysis of Interventions for Computing Persistence
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Examining the associations of racism, sexism, and stressful life events on psychological distress among African-American women.
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Psychologically Resilient, but Physically Vulnerable? Exploring the Psychosocial Determinants of African American Women’s Mental and Physical Health
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The Interactive Roles of Gender and Ethnicity in African-American Women's Mental Health
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Relationship of Discrimination and Early Life Socioeconomics on Health Outcomes in Healthy Young African American Women
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Gendered racism, anxiety, and depression: the mediating roles of gendered racialized stress and social isolation
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Authors: Perry, B. L., Harp, K. L. H., & Oser, C. B.
Affiliations: University of Kentucky (US)
Corresponding author: Perry, Brea L.
ORCID: Perry, Brea L.
Harp, Kathi L. H.
Oser, Carrie B.
Venue: Sociological Perspectives
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2013-03
Volume: 56
Issue: 1
Pages: 25-48
ISSN: 0731-1214 (ISSN-L)
1533-8673
DOI: 10.1525/sop.2012.56.1.25
PMC: PMC3783344
OpenAlex: W4297889213
Cited by: 266
References: 85
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8
FWCI: 28.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Sociological Perspectives (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
PubMed
Funders: Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services
National Institute on Drug Abuse (K01DA021309, R01DA022967, F31DA030061, T32DA035200)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Keywords: racial discrimination, gender discrimination, stress process, African American women, intersectionality, low socioeconomic status, mental health, well-being, social stressors, individual stressors, health disparities

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Racial and Gender Discrimination in the Stress Process: Implications for African American Women's Health and Well-Being

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