The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
IMPACT OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP ON FOLLOWER DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE: A FIELD EXPERIMENT.
Abstract
In a longitudinal, randomized field experiment, we tested the impact of transformational leadership, enhanced hy training, on follower development and performance. Experimental group leaders received transformational leadership training, and control group leaders, eclectic leadership training. The sample included 54 military leaders, their 90 direct followers, and 724 indirect followers. Results indicated the leaders in the experimental group had a more positive impact on direct followers' development and on indirect followers' performance than did the leaders in the control group.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This type of leadership enables followers to reach their potential and maximize performance [65].”
From Challenges and barriers in virtual teams: a literature review (2020) · cites this paper as [65]
Citations
Cites
(1997) · Naming the Mind: How Psychology Found its Language · doi:10.4135/9781446221815.n7 · Cited by 15,148
Longshore, J. M., & Bass, B. M. (1987) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258081 · Cited by 12,424
Kline, P. (1993) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90054-7 · Cited by 8,800
The Motivational Effects of Charismatic Leadership: A Self-Concept Based Theory
Shamir, B., House, R. J., & Arthur, M. B. (1993) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.4.4.577 · Cited by 3,640
Self-citationAvolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317999166789 · Cited by 3,034
Self-citationLowe, K. B., Kroeck, K. G., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(96)90027-2 · Cited by 2,765
The Social Scientific Study of Leadership: Quo Vadis?
House, R. J., & Aditya, R. N. (1997) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920639702300306 · Cited by 1,918
Transformational leadership: industrial, military, and educational impact
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-4579 · Cited by 1,855
Barling, J., Weber, T., & Kelloway, E. K. (1996) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.81.6.827 · Cited by 1,315
A simple, general purpose display of magnitude of experimental effect.
Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1982) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-0663.74.2.166 · Cited by 1,233
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 999
Hargis, M. B., Watt, J., & Piotrowski, C. (2011) · Organization development journal · Cited by 98
Impact of Transformational Leadership on Job Performance
Jyoti, J., & Bhau, S. (2015) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244015612518 · Cited by 110
Evaluation of a Long-Term Transformational Leadership Development Program
Abrell, C., Rowold, J., Weibler, J., & Moenninghoff, M. (2011) · German Journal of Human Resource Management Zeitschrift für Personalforschung · doi:10.1177/239700221102500307 · Cited by 90
Transformational leadership development
Mason, C., Griffin, M. A., & Parker, S. K. (2014) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-05-2012-0063 · Cited by 98
Elsetouhi, A., Hammad, A., Nagm, A. A., & Elbaz, A. M. (2017) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2017.09.022 · Cited by 109
Biggs, A., Brough, P. A., & Barbour, J. P. (2013) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/a0034508 · Cited by 96
The Relation Between Self-Leadership and Transformational Leadership
Andreßen, P., Konradt, U., & Neck, C. P. (2011) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051811425047 · Cited by 114
Family Entrepreneurship: A Developing Field
Bettinelli, C., Fayolle, A. J.-C., & Randerson, K. (2014) · Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1561/0300000049 · Cited by 96
Allen, G. W., Attoh, P. A., & Gong, T. (2017) · Social Responsibility Journal · doi:10.1108/srj-11-2016-0193 · Cited by 97
Leader self-definition and leader self-serving behavior
Rus, D., van Knippenberg, D., & Wisse, B. M. (2010) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.03.013 · Cited by 94
Transformational leadership and employee turnover intention
Gyensare, M. A., Anku-Tsede, O., Sanda, M.-A., & Okpoti, C. A. (2016) · World Journal of Entrepreneurship Management and Sustainable Development · doi:10.1108/wjemsd-02-2016-0008 · Cited by 135
Katou, A. A., Budhwar, P. S., & Patel, C. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.043 · Cited by 100
Pereira, C. M. M., & Gomes, J. (2012) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.667434 · Cited by 104
Mohammad, S. I., Al-Zeaud, H. A., & Batayneh, A. M. E. (2011) · Business and Economic Horizons · doi:10.15208/beh.2011.13 · Cited by 93
Transformational leadership and turnover
Sahu, S., Pathardikar, A. D., & Kumar, A. A. (2017) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-12-2014-0243 · Cited by 162
Leadership, organizational culture, and innovative behavior in construction projects
Zheng, J., Wu, G., Xie, H., & Li, H. (2019) · International Journal of Managing Projects in Business · doi:10.1108/ijmpb-04-2018-0068 · Cited by 121
The Organizational Story as Leadership
Parry, K. W., & Hansen, H. (2007) · Leadership · doi:10.1177/1742715007079309 · Cited by 93
See What We Want to See? The Effects of Managerial Experience on Corporate Green Investments
Schaltenbrand, B., Foerstl, K. D., Azadegan, A., & Lindeman, K. (2016) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3191-x · Cited by 94
Kim, S., & Shin, M. (2017) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2016.1278253 · Cited by 100
Raup, G. H. (2008) · Journal of Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jen.2007.08.020 · Cited by 92
Cole, M. S., Bruch, H., & Shamir, B. (2009) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726709346377 · Cited by 92
Self-citationWhy do leaders matter? A study of expert knowledge in a superstar setting
Goodall, A. H., Kahn, L. M., & Oswald, A. J. (2010) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2010.11.001 · Cited by 91
Belschak, F., den Hartog, D. D., & Kalshoven, K. (2015) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206313484513 · Cited by 78
Zacher, H., Pearce, L. K., Rooney, D., & McKenna, B. J. (2013) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1692-4 · Cited by 128
Dóci, E., & Hofmans, J. (2015) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.02.008 · Cited by 98
Zhang, X., Zhang, Y., Sun, Y., Lytras, M. D., de Pablos, P. O., & He, W. (2017) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2017.1296824 · Cited by 102
When nurse emotional intelligence matters: How transformational leadership influences intent to stay
Wang, L., Tao, H., Bowers, B. J., Brown, R., & Zhang, Y. (2018) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1111/jonm.12509 · Cited by 89
Newton, C. J., Becker, K. L., & Bell, S. (2014) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12040 · Cited by 89
Be(com)ing Real: a Multi-source and an Intervention Study on Mindfulness and Authentic Leadership
Nübold, A., Quaquebeke, N. V., & Hulsheger, U. R. (2019) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-019-09633-y · Cited by 96
Hannah, S. T., Schaubroeck, J. M., & Peng, A. C. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000038 · Cited by 101
Mapping the antecedents and consequences of thriving at work
Shahid, S., Muchiri, M., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2020) · International journal of organizational analysis · doi:10.1108/ijoa-09-2019-1881 · Cited by 103
The role of transformational leadership in innovation performance of Malaysian SMEs
Tajasom, A., Hung, D. K. M., Nikbin, D., & Hyun, S. S. (2015) · Asian Journal of Technology Innovation · doi:10.1080/19761597.2015.1074513 · Cited by 86
Inclusive leadership and employees’ voice behavior: A moderated mediation model
Jiang, J., Ding, W., Wang, R., & Saisai, L. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01139-8 · Cited by 95
Horwitz, I. B., Horwitz, S. K., Daram, P., Brandt, M. L., Brunicardi, F. C., & Awad, S. S. (2008) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2008.03.007 · Cited by 87
Han, S., Seo, G., Li, J., & Yoon, S. W. (2015) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/13678868.2015.1099357 · Cited by 86
Almutairi, D. O. (2015) · International Journal of Business and Management · doi:10.5539/ijbm.v11n1p231 · Cited by 85
Xie, L. (2020) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-04-2019-0148 · Cited by 96
Črešnar, R., & Nedelko, Z. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12114417 · Cited by 113
Pygmalion and Employee Learning: The Role of Leader Behaviors
Bezuijen, X. M., van den Berg, P. T., van Dam, K., & Thierry, H. (2009) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206308329966 · Cited by 94
Chen, G., Tjosvold, D., & Liu, C. (2006) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00633.x · Cited by 85
Chiaburu, D. S., Smith, T. A., Wang, J., & Zimmerman, R. D. (2014) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000105 · Cited by 95
Influence tactics and perceptions of transformational leadership
Charbonneau, D. (2004) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730410561459 · Cited by 84
The Role of Leadership and Digital Transformation in Higher Education Students’ Work Engagement
Niţă, V., & Guțu, I. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20065124 · Cited by 152
Antecedents and Consequences of Reflexivity in New Product Idea Screening*
Hammedi, W., van Riel, A. C. R., & Sasovova, Z. (2011) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00831.x · Cited by 83
Latham, J. R. (2013) · Quality Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10686967.2013.11918095 · Cited by 86
Blanc, P. M. L., González‐Romá, V., & Wang, H. (2019) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-019-09663-6 · Cited by 110
Cole, M. S., Bedeian, A. G., & Bruch, H. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.012 · Cited by 87
Who Leads More and Why? A Mediation Model from Gender to Leadership Role Occupancy
Bark, A. S. H., Escartín, J., Schuh, S. C., & van Dick, R. (2015) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2642-0 · Cited by 97
Xi, M., Fang, W., & Feng, T. (2022) · Journal of Intellectual Capital · doi:10.1108/jic-12-2021-0333 · Cited by 81
Khan, I. U., Amin, R. U., & Saif, N. (2022) · International Journal of Leadership in Education · doi:10.1080/13603124.2022.2076286 · Cited by 81
Leadership team cohesiveness and team performance
Stashevsky, S., & Koslowsky, M. (2006) · International Journal of Manpower · doi:10.1108/01437720610652844 · Cited by 81
Working Within Constraints: Can Transformational Leaders Alter the Experience of Red Tape?
Moynihan, D. P., Wright, B. E., & Pandey, S. K. (2012) · International Public Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10967494.2012.725318 · Cited by 80
Hobman, E. V., Jackson, C. J., Jimmieson, N. L., & Martin, R. (2011) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2010.490046 · Cited by 79
Leader Affective Displays and Attributions of Charisma: The Role of Arousal
Damen, F., van Knippenberg, D., & van Knippenberg, B. (2008) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00405.x · Cited by 7
How Transformational Leadership Influences Work Engagement Among Nurses: Does Person–Job Fit Matter?
Enwereuzor, I. K., Ugwu, L. E., & Eze, O. A. (2016) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945916682449 · Cited by 102
Family Businesses and Digital Entrepreneurship Adoption: A Conceptual Model
Basly, S., & Hammouda, A. (2020) · The Journal of Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/0971355720930573 · Cited by 78
Transformational leadership and employee efficiency: knowledge sharing as mediator
Dwivedi, P., Chaturvedi, V., & Vashist, J. K. (2020) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-08-2019-0356 · Cited by 103
Ethnic, gender and class intersections in British women’s leadership experiences
Showunmi, V., Atewologun, D., & Bebbington, D. (2015) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/1741143215587308 · Cited by 96
Grant, A. M., & Hofmann, D. A. (2011) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.06.005 · Cited by 82
Leadership styles and leadership change in human and community service organizations
Schmid, H. (2006) · Nonprofit Management and Leadership · doi:10.1002/nml.142 · Cited by 77
Rowold, J., Borgmann, L., & Bormann, K. C. (2014) · Nonprofit Management and Leadership · doi:10.1002/nml.21116 · Cited by 77
The relationship between transformational leadership, task performance and job characteristics
Bacha, E. (2014) · Journal of Management Development · doi:10.1108/jmd-02-2013-0025 · Cited by 77
Transformational Leadership, Interactional Justice, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Carter, M. Z., Mossholder, K. W., Feild, H. S., & Armenakis, A. A. (2014) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601114551605 · Cited by 76
Mediators of transformational leadership and the work-family relationship
Hammond, M. M., Cleveland, J. N., O’Neill, J. W., Stawski, R. S., & Tate, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Managerial Psychology · doi:10.1108/jmp-10-2011-0090 · Cited by 89
A new substitute for leadership? Followers' state core self-evaluations
Nübold, A., Muck, P. M., & Maier, G. W. (2012) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.07.002 · Cited by 84
Advanced Research in the Field of Transformational Leadership
Felfe, J., Tartler, K., & Liepmann, D. (2004) · German Journal of Human Resource Management Zeitschrift für Personalforschung · doi:10.1177/239700220401800302 · Cited by 78
The social aspects of safety management: Trust and safety climate
Luria, G. (2010) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.02.006 · Cited by 75
Ishikawa, J. (2012) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-012-9282-z · Cited by 86
Catalyzing Public Engagement With Climate Change Through Informal Science Learning Centers
Geiger, N., Swim, J. K., Fraser, J., & Flinner, K. (2017) · Science Communication · doi:10.1177/1075547017697980 · Cited by 81
Transformational Leadership and Leaders’ Mode of Care Reasoning
Simola, S. K., Barling, J. I., & Turner, N. (2011) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1080-x · Cited by 74
İşçan, Ö. F., Ersarı, G., & Naktiyok, A. (2014) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.097 · Cited by 80
Performance implications of transformational supply chain leadership and followership
Defee, C. C., Stank, T. P., & Esper, T. L. (2010) · International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management · doi:10.1108/09600031011093205 · Cited by 75
Building personal resources through interventions: An integrative review
Gilbert, E. K., Foulk, T. A., & Bono, J. E. (2017) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2198 · Cited by 81
A mixed-methods study of CEO transformational leadership and firm performance
Jensen, M., Potočnik, K., & Chaudhry, S. (2020) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2020.05.004 · Cited by 111
Extraversion, openness and conscientiousness
Zopiatis, A., & Constanti, P. (2012) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437731211193133 · Cited by 85
A Field Investigation of Multilevel Cynicism Toward Change
DeCelles, K. A., Tesluk, P. E., & Taxman, F. S. (2012) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1110.0735 · Cited by 79
Comparing Transformational Leadership In Successful And Unsuccessful Companies
Jandaghi, G., Matin, H. Z., & Farjami, A. (2008) · Global Journal of Business Management · doi:10.5281/zenodo.1061289 · Cited by 73
Leader-Member Exchange, Transformational Leadership, and Value System
Krishnan, V. R. (2005) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 73
Field Experiments on Sensitive Organizational Topics
King, E. B., Hebl, M. R., Morgan, W. B., & Ahmad, A. S. (2012) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428112462608 · Cited by 79
“It's not you, it's me”: transformational leadership and self‐deprecating humor
Hoption, C., Barling, J. I., & Turner, N. (2013) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437731311289947 · Cited by 79
Paternalistic Leadership Profiles
Chou, W.-J., Sibley, C. G., Liu, J. H.-F., Lin, T., & Cheng, B. (2015) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601115573358 · Cited by 72
The effects of transformational leadership and ERP system self-efficacy on ERP system usage
Elkhani, N., Soltani, S., & Ahmad, M. N. (2014) · Journal of Enterprise Information Management · doi:10.1108/jeim-06-2013-0031 · Cited by 90
Reinforcing innovation through transformational leadership: mediating role of job satisfaction
Al-edenat, M. (2018) · Journal of Organizational Change Management · doi:10.1108/jocm-05-2017-0181 · Cited by 79
CARLO, A. D., Corso, L. D., Carluccio, F., Colledani, D., & Falco, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01834 · Cited by 87
Growing transformational leaders: exploring the role of personality hardiness
Eid, J., Johnsen, B. H., Bartone, P. T., & Nissestad, O. A. (2008) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730810845270 · Cited by 71
Groves, K. S., & LaRocca, M. A. (2011) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1019-2 · Cited by 71
The trickle-down effects of perceived trustworthiness on subordinate performance.
Cremer, D. D., van Dijke, M., Schminke, M. J., Schutter, L. D., & Stouten, J. (2018) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000339 · Cited by 74
Transformational leadership and psychological empowerment
Pradhan, R. K., Panda, M., & Jena, L. K. (2017) · Journal of Enterprise Information Management · doi:10.1108/jeim-01-2016-0026 · Cited by 70
Han, S., Oh, E. G., & Kang, S. “. (2020) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-04-2019-0181 · Cited by 70
FACTORS AFFECTING THE TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP ROLE OF PRINCIPALS IN IMPLEMENTING ICT IN SCHOOLS
Afshari, M., Bakar, K. A., Wong, S. L., & Siraj, S. (2012) · The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology · Cited by 70
What motivates students? A study on the effects of teacher leadership and students’ self-efficacy
Öqvist, A., & Malmström, M. (2017) · International Journal of Leadership in Education · doi:10.1080/13603124.2017.1355480 · Cited by 102
Bolstering Workplace Psychological Well-Being Through Transactional and Transformational Leadership
Hannah, S. T., Perez, A. L. U., Lester, P. B., & Quick, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/1548051820933623 · Cited by 91
Leadership and innovation capability development in strategic alliances
Schweitzer, J. (2014) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-01-12-0001 · Cited by 69
Transformational Leadership, Goal Setting, and Work Motivation
Bronkhorst, B., Steijn, B., & Vermeeren, B. (2013) · Review of Public Personnel Administration · doi:10.1177/0734371x13515486 · Cited by 69
Developing global transformational leaders
Ramsey, J. R., Rutti, R. M., Lorenz, M. P., Barakat, L. L., & Sant’Anna, A. D. S. (2016) · Journal of World Business · doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2016.06.002 · Cited by 69
Training Leader Emotion Regulation and Leadership Effectiveness
Edelman, P., & van Knippenberg, D. (2016) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-016-9471-8 · Cited by 69
Nam, K., & Park, S. (2019) · Performance Improvement Quarterly · doi:10.1002/piq.21292 · Cited by 98
Tan, A. B. C., van Dun, D. H., & Wilderom, C. P. M. (2023) · International Journal of Lean Six Sigma · doi:10.1108/ijlss-06-2022-0126 · Cited by 98
Transformational leadership, pride in being a follower of the leader and organizational commitment
Chan, S. C. H., & Mak, W. M. (2014) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/lodj-12-09-0076 · Cited by 71
The role of self-regulation in developing leaders: A longitudinal field experiment
Yeow, J., & Martin, R. (2013) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.04.004 · Cited by 69
Metadata
- Authors
- Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B. J., & Shamir, B.
- Affiliations
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- ORCID
- Avolio, B. J.
- Venue
- Academy of Management Journal
- Publisher
- Academy of Management
- Published
- 2002-08-01
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 735-744
- ISSN
- 0001-4273 (ISSN-L)
- 1948-0989
- OpenAlex
- W1986685492
- Cited by
- 1,906
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 90 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 124 · 2017: 138 · 2016: 118 · 2015: 119 · 2014: 113 · 2013: 112 · 2012: 109
- FWCI
- 54.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Academy of Management Journal (publishedVersion)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Employee Performance and Leadership
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Leadership and Management in Organizations
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation
- Keywords
- transformational leadership, leadership training, follower development, follower performance, military commanders, leadership development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review