Toward a Measure of Patriotic and Nationalistic Attitudes
Abstract
The multidimensionality of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes and their relationship to nuclear policy opinions were investigated. One hundred and ninety-four college students, 24 high school students, and 21 building contractors were administered the 120-item Patriotism/Nationalism Questionnaire. One hundred and sixty-six of the college students were concurrently administered the 18-item Nuclear Policy Questionnaire. An iterated principal factor analysis was performed on the Patriotism/Nationalism Questionnaire and six factors were extracted for Varimax rotation. The results indicated that the factors were interpretable and distinct. Further analyses indicated the predictive validity of the subscales derived from the six factors for the Nuclear Policy Questionnaire, and exploratory analyses of variance examined the effects of selected demographic variables. The findings support the contention that patriotic/nationalistic attitudes entail multiple dimensions, and that they are differentially related to nuclear policy opinions. We conclude that researchers need to be more attentive to this multidimensionality, especially the distinction between patriotism and nationalism.
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Duckitt, J. H., & Mphuthing, T. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.80 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Müller-Peters, A. (1998) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0167-4870(98)00033-6 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Osborne, D., Milojev, P., & Sibley, C. G. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167217704196 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“Because patriotism and nationalism reflect love for one’s country and preference for its international dominance, respectively (see Kosterman & Feshbach, 1989), we hypothesized that RWA and SDO would be independently associated with both forms of national identification.”
BackgroundInfluentialPreference for radical right-wing populist parties among exclusive-nationalists and authoritarians
Dunn, K. P. (2013) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/1354068812472587 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“This distinction between exclusive and inclusive conceptions of nationalism also parallels the distinction in the political psychology literature between nationalism and patriotism (Kosterman and Feshbach, 1989).”
BackgroundPersonal control decreases narcissistic but increases non‐narcissistic in‐group positivity
Cichocka, A. K., de Zavala, A. G., Marchlewska, M., Bilewicz, M., Jaworska, M., & Olechowski, M. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12328 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Psychological literature differentiates between two types of national sentiments: patriotism, or love for one’s nation and pride in one’s nationality; and nationalism, or an orientation toward national supremacy (Druckman, 1994; Kosterman & Feshbach, 1989).”
BackgroundA Taxonomy and Review of Positive Consumer Dispositions toward Foreign Countries and Globalization
Bartsch, F., Riefler, P., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2015) · Journal of International Marketing · doi:10.1509/jim.15.0021 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Cognitive underpinnings of nationalistic ideology in the context of Brexit
Zmigrod, L., Rentfrow, P. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1708960115 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Previous studies of nationalistic attachment have typically distinguished multiple dimensions of nationalism (48), such as a distinction between nationalism and patriotism (2, 49, 50), between blind and constructive patriotism (4, 5), and between collective narcissism and positive group regard (51, 52).”
BackgroundEast is West? National feelings and anti-immigrant sentiment in Europe
Ceobanu, A. M., & Escandell, X. (2008) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2008.01.002 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
GRIES, P. H., Zhang, Q., Crowson, H. M., & Cai, H. (2011) · The China Quarterly · doi:10.1017/s0305741010001360 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Torelli, C. J., Chiu, C., Tam, K., Au, A. K. C., & Keh, H. T. (2011) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01724.x · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“To test whether self-categorization moderates the bicultural exposure effect, toward the end of the experiment, we measured the participants’ level of American identification with the Patriotism/Nationalism Questionnaire (Kosterman & Feshbach, 1989).”
MethodAre Patriots Bigots? An Inquiry into the Vices of In-Group Pride
de Figueiredo, R. J. P., & Elkins, Z. (2003) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.2307/3186100 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
A cross‐cultural investigation into a reconceptualization of ethnocentrism
Bizumić, B., Duckitt, J. H., Popadić, D., Dru, V., & Krauss, S. W. (2009) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.589 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Golec de Zavala, A., & Federico, C. M. (2018) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2496 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Patriotism's Impact on Cooperation with the State: An Experimental Study on Tax Compliance
Gangl, K., Torgler, B., & Kirchler, E. M. (2015) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12294 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“…a psychological state of love for and pride in one’s country and its community, whereas nationalism reflects a belief that one’s own country should dominate and discriminate against other countries and their citizens (Federico et al., 2005; Kosterman & Feshbach, 1989; Mummendey et al., 2001).”
BackgroundPurchase behavior in favor of domestic products in the West Balkans
Dmitrović, T., Vida, I., & Reardon, J. (2009) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2009.05.003 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
A short 8-item scale for measuring consumers’ local–global identity
Tu, L. L., Khare, A., & Zhang, Y. (2011) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2011.07.003 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
de Zavala, A. G., Cichocka, A., & Bilewicz, M. (2013) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00779.x · Cited by 204 · see citing works
“For example, Kosterman and Feshbach (1989) differentiate between patriotism (positive attachment to a nation) and nationalism (“national superiority and an orientation toward national dominance”; p. 261).”
Japan and identity change: why it matters in International Relations
Hagström, L., & Gustafsson, K. (2014) · The Pacific Review · doi:10.1080/09512748.2014.969298 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
A Single Exposure to the American Flag Shifts Support Toward Republicanism up to 8 Months Later
Carter, T. J., Ferguson, M. J., & Hassin, R. R. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611414726 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Relevant measures included the Patriotism and Nationalism subscales of the Patriotism and Nationalism Scale (Kosterman & Feshbach, 1989), a measure of warmth toward the candidates, a demographics questionnaire, a measure of political orientation and exposure to news media, and a survey of attitudes…”
MethodWaving the flag: National symbolism, social identity, and political engagement
Schatz, R. T., & Lavine, H. G. (2007) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00571.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Ariely, G. (2011) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430211430518 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
An Analysis of Colin Kaepernick, Megan Rapinoe, and the National Anthem Protests
Schmidt, S. H., Frederick, E. L., Pegoraro, A. L., & Spencer, T. C. (2018) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/2167479518793625 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Sapountzis, A., & Condor, S. (2013) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12015 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Further validation of a single‐item measure of social identification
Reysen, S., Katzarska-Miller, I., Nesbit, S. M., & Pierce, L. (2013) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1973 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Culture, individual differences, and support for human rights: A general review.
McFarland, S. G. (2015) · Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1037/pac0000083 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kosterman, R., & Feshbach, S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- ORCID
- Kosterman, Rick
- Venue
- Political Psychology
- Publisher
- JSTOR
- Published
- 1989-06
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 257
- ISSN
- 0162-895X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2039302467
- Semantic Scholar
- 2c017cd6bf4b959c700586b1f3038e41f8ea27eb
- Cited by
- 1,225
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 77 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 35 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 17.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Political Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Electoral Systems and Political Participation
- Keywords
- patriotic attitudes, attitude measurement, predictive validity, demographic differences in attitudes, university students, high school students, construction contractors
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