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Cited by 350Gestational Diabetes Research and ManagementDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsBirth, Development, and Health

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Increases the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Women With a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes

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Carr, Darcy B., Utzschneider, Kristina M., Hull, Rebecca L., Tong, Jenny, Wallace, Tara M., Kodama, Keiichi, Shofer, Jane B., Heckbert, Susan R. +4 more·2006·Diabetes Care
DOI 10.2337/dc05-2482
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE— We sought to determine whether a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) further increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in parous women with first-degree relatives with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Women with (n = 332) and without (n = 663) a history of GDM were compared regarding 1) the revised National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III metabolic syndrome criteria, 2) the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, and 3) self-reported CVD. RESULTS— Women with prior GDM were younger (48.6 ± 0.7 vs. 52.4 ± 0.6 years [means ± SE];P < 0.001) and less likely to be postmenopausal (48.3 vs. 57.9%; P < 0.005). Although both groups were obese (BMI 34.4 ± 1.2 vs. 33.7 ± 0.6 kg/m2), women with prior GDM were more likely to have metabolic syndrome (86.6 vs. 73.5%; P < 0.001) and type 2 diabetes (93.4 vs. 63.3%; P < 0.001). Moreover, they had a higher prevalence of CVD (15.5 vs. 12.4%; adjusted odds ratio 1.85 [95% CI 1.21–2.82];P = 0.005) that occurred at a younger age (45.5 ± 2.2 vs. 52.5 ± 1.9 years;P = 0.02) and was independent of metabolic syndrome (1.74 [1.10–2.76]; P = 0.02) and type 2 diabetes (1.56 [1.002–2.43];P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS— Among women with a family history of type 2 diabetes, those with prior GDM were even more likely to not only have CVD risk factors, including metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, but also to have experienced CVD events, which occurred at a younger age. Thus, women with both a family history of type 2 diabetes and personal history of GDM may be especially suitable for early interventions aimed at preventing or reducing their risk of CVD and diabetes.

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  • GDM has similar effects on future CVD risk in women, independent of obesity and at a fairly young age.

    “GDM had similar effects on the risk of women developing future CVDs189,190 (Supplementary Table 4), independent of obesity and at a fairly young age191–194.”

    From A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy (2022) · cites this paper as [191]

    The Results section (page unavailable) reports more self-reported CVD among women with prior GDM and a younger age at CVD diagnosis, but the study was limited to women with a family history of type 2 diabetes. Both groups were obese; the reported CVD analyses did not establish that the association was independent of obesity. The study also measured existing CVD rather than following women for future events. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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  • Women with gestational diabetes mellitus have a greater risk of cardiovascular disease events and mortality as they age.

    “as well as CVD events and mortality as they age [59,60,61].”

    From Recent Experimental Studies of Maternal Obesity, Diabetes during Pregnancy and the Developmental Origins of Cardiovascular Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [59]

    The Results and Conclusions (page unavailable) report more self-reported CVD among women with prior gestational diabetes and a family history of type 2 diabetes, with events occurring at a younger age. The study does not report CVD mortality in women with prior gestational diabetes, and its findings do not establish the claim for women with gestational diabetes generally. (LLM, conf=0.89)

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Authors
Carr, D. B., Utzschneider, K. M., Hull, R. L., Tong, J., Wallace, T. M., Kodama, K., Shofer, J. B., Heckbert, S. R., Boyko, E. J., Fujimoto, W. Y., Kahn, S. E., & the American Diabetes Association GENNID Study Group
Affiliations
University of Washington (US)
ORCID
Venue
Diabetes Care
Publisher
American Diabetes Association
Published
2006-09-01
Volume
29
Issue
9
Pages
2078-2083
ISSN
  • 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
  • 1935-5548
DOI
10.2337/dc05-2482
OpenAlex
W2157970472
Cited by
350
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 15
FWCI
11.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • American Diabetes Association
  • U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K24DK002654, DK 02654, DK-17047, P30DK017047)
  • National Center for Research Resources (K23RR016066, RR 16066)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
Keywords
gestational diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, family history of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk factors, women, postmenopausal women, obesity, cardiovascular disease prevention, family-based prevention programs, Diabetes Prevention Program, prediabetes, prediabetes screening, prediabetes risk factors
MeSH terms
Blood Glucose, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Obesity, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Body Mass Index, Linear Models, Diabetes, Gestational, Metabolic Syndrome

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