12. Retinopathy, Neuropathy, and Foot Care: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025
Open accessAbstract
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) “Standards of Care in Diabetes” includes the ADA’s current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, an interprofessional expert committee, are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA’s clinical practice recommendations and a full list of Professional Practice Committee members, please refer to Introduction and Methodology. Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
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Prokinetics, such as metoclopramide and erythromycin, modify emptying times and may require earlier or split bolus dosing to avoid early hypoglycemia.
“Prokinetics, such as metoclopramide and erythromycin, modifies emptying times and may require earlier or split bolus dosing to avoid early hypoglycemia [2, 3, 14, 119, 120]”
From Diabetic gastroparesis: pathophysiology and impact on insulin timing choices (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
The Gastroparesis section identifies metoclopramide as a prokinetic treatment and lists erythromycin as another treatment option. It does not say that these drugs require earlier or split insulin boluses, or that such dosing avoids early hypoglycemia. No page number was provided for the indexed passage. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe efficacy of prokinetics is often limited and long-term use requires careful monitoring for adverse effects.
“although their efficacy is often limited and long-term use requires careful monitorg for adverse effects [2, 14, 120].”
From Diabetic gastroparesis: pathophysiology and impact on insulin timing choices (2026) · cites this paper as [2]
The Gastroparesis section describes weak evidence for metoclopramide’s benefit, serious adverse-effect risks, and short-term effectiveness for erythromycin. It does not make a general claim about all prokinetics, and it says metoclopramide use beyond 12 weeks is no longer recommended by the FDA—not that long-term use merely requires monitoring. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Self-citationEffect of Fenofibrate on Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy
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New Evidence-Based Therapies for Complex Diabetic Foot Wounds
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Self-citationIntravitreal steroids for macular edema in diabetes
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Dietary weight loss in people with severe obesity stabilizes neuropathy and improves symptomatology
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Association between Semaglutide and Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
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Management of Peripheral Artery Disease in Adults With Diabetes: 2025 ACC Scientific Statement
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Fenofibrate and Diabetic Retinopathy
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Diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy: More than just “tingling in the feet”
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Screening for diabetic retinopathy with artificial intelligence: a real world evaluation
Burlina, S., Radin, S., Poggiato, M., Cioccoloni, D., Raimondo, D., Romanello, G., Tommasi, C., & Lombardi, S. (2024) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-024-02333-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Predictive model for proliferative diabetic retinopathy using single-cell transcriptomics
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Fibrates : Do They Still Have a Role in Therapy in 2025?
Pirillo, A., Zambon, A., & Catapano, A. L. (2025) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-025-01379-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Comprehensive Management of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Current Evidence and Practice
Kim, J. M., Kang, S. M., Jung, J. H., Kim, K. C., Ahn, S., Kim, C. H., Park, T. S., & Park, I. (2026) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.70221 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gas-based therapies in chronic wounds: A scoping review of preclinical and clinical data
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Current primary care approaches to diabetic foot prevention and treatment
Ibrahim, M. A., Ba-Essa, E. M., Ahmed, A., Armstrong, D. G., Barmaki, M., Cahn, A., Cassar, K., Hamtzany, O., Lázaro‐Martínez, J. L., Manrique-Hurtado, H., et al. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2025.109231 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Current best practices in wound care: an evidence-based and patient-centered approach
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Peripheral Neuropathy: A Phenotype-Driven Review for Diagnosis and Management
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Self-citationThe Therapeutic Potential of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors in Diabetic Neuropathy
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- Authors
- American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., Bruemmer, D., Callaghan, B. C., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Ekhlaspour, L., Frykberg, R. G., Garg, R., Garg, S. J., Giurini, J. M., Khunti, K., Lal, R., Lingvay, I., Matfin, G., Pandya, N., Pekas, E. J., Pilla, S. J., Polsky, S., Segal, A. R., Seley, J. J., Stanton, R. C., & Bannuru, R. R.
- ORCID
- ElSayed, Nuha A.
- McCoy, Rozalina G.
- Aleppo, Grazia
- Balapattabi, Kirthikaa
- Beverly, Elizabeth A.
- Briggs Early, Kathaleen
- Bruemmer, Dennis
- Callaghan, Brian C.
- Echouffo-Tcheugui, Justin B.
- Ekhlaspour, Laya
- Frykberg, Robert G.
- Garg, Rajesh
- Garg, Sunir J.
- Giurini, John M.
- Khunti, Kamlesh
- Lal, Rayhan
- Lingvay, Ildiko
- Pandya, Naushira
- Pekas, Elizabeth J.
- Pilla, Scott J.
- Polsky, Sarit
- Segal, Alissa R.
- Seley, Jane Jeffrie
- Stanton, Robert C.
- Bannuru, Raveendhara R.
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2024-12-09
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- Supplement_1
- Pages
- S252-S265
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- PMC
- PMC11635040
- OpenAlex
- W4405187498
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 136
- Citations by year
- 2026: 102 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 10.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K23DK121942)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetic Foot Ulcer Assessment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Keywords
- diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic foot care, diabetes complications, clinical guidelines, quality of care
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic Neuropathies, Diabetic Retinopathy, Humans, Diabetic Foot, Standard of Care
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