Testosterone concentrations in women and men with NIDDM
Abstract
UNLABELLED: OBJECTIVE--To evaluate androgen concentrations in relation to insulin resistance in men and women with and without NIDDM. Recent studies have indicated the potential importance of the regulation of insulin sensitivity by androgens in both women and men. Low sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentration is an independent risk factor for the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in women and is strongly associated statistically with signs of insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--We compared measurements of anthropometric variables and SHBG, steroid hormone, and insulin concentrations of women and men who have NIDDM with those of control subjects. RESULTS--Women with NIDDM had somewhat higher plasma insulin concentrations, lower SHBG, and higher free testosterone values than did control subjects with similar body mass index (BMI). Women with NIDDM had marginally higher waist-to-hip ratios (WHR). Plasma insulin concentrations correlated positively with BMI, WHR, and free testosterone and negatively with SHBG. In multivariate analyses, insulin concentrations remained positively associated with BMI and free testosterone. Men with NIDDM had higher fasting plasma insulin concentrations than did the nondiabetic control subjects. Testosterone and SHBG were lower in the diabetic men than in both control groups. The derived value of free testosterone was not different between groups. Univariate correlation analyses revealed tight statistical couplings between plasma insulin on the one hand and SHBG and testosterone concentrations (negative) on the other. In multivariate analyses, only the insulin-testosterone association remained. CONCLUSIONS: Women with NIDDM have high levels of free testosterone and low levels of SHBG. Insulin resistance is closely correlated with these signs of hyperandrogenicity as well as with obesity. Men with NIDDM also have low levels of SHBG and, in contrast to women, low testosterone values. Insulin values correlate negatively with these hormonal factors. Based on the results of experimental work and intervention studies, we suggest that these androgen abnormalities might be causally related to insulin resistance in NIDDM.
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The same inverse association between SHBG and T2D has been confirmed in multiple other studies in both men and women.
“The same inverse association between SHBG and T2D has been confirmed in multiple other studies in both men and women [120–123].”
From Role of sex hormone-binding globulin in the free hormone hypothesis and the relevance of free testosterone in androgen physiology (2022) · cites this paper as [120]
Hypoandrogenism is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus in men.
“Some studies [32][33][34][35][36][37][38] have suggested that hypoandrogenism is associated with insulin resistance and T2DM in men.”
From Shift work and diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies (2015) · cites this paper as [32]
Testosterone levels are lower in diabetic men compared with nondiabetic subjects.
“Furthermore, it has been reported that testosterone levels are lower in diabetic men compared with nondiabetic subjects (6 -9).”
From Clinical and Biochemical Assessment of Hypogonadism in Men With Type 2 Diabetes (2007) · cites this paper as [8]
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Bernini, G. P., Moretti, A., Sgr, M., Argenio, G. F., BARLASCINI, C. O., Cristofani, R., & Salvetti, A. (2001) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/00042192-200101000-00008 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels in Men With Type 2 Diabetes
Fukui, M., Tanaka, M., Kadono, M., Imai, S., Hasegawa, G., Yoshikawa, T., & Nakamura, N. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-1962 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Morgentaler, A., Traish, A. M., Hackett, G. I., Jones, T. H., & Ramasamy, R. (2019) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2019.06.003 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Ko, K., Kim, C.-S., Ahn, Y., Park, S., Kim, Y., Park, J. K., Lim, Y.-K., Yoo, K., & Kim, S. S. (2014) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3463-x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Hyperandrogenic conditions have been strongly associated with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in women, whereas hypoandrogenic conditions have been associated with insulin resistance and adiposity in men [29, 30].”
BackgroundLiu, S., & Sun, Q. (2016) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12517 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Among postmenopausal women in the Rancho Bernardo Study, DHEAS levels were positively correlated with impaired glucose tolerance and T2D, even after controlling for BMI and the waist: hip ratio (WHR).26 However, experimental data have paradoxically suggested that DHEA administration may improve insulin sensitivity in…”
BackgroundInfluentialTestosterone a key factor in gender related metabolic syndrome
Bianchi, V. E., & Locatelli, V. (2018) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12633 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“In women, unlike men, free and total testosterone levels are positively correlated with insulin resistance and incidence of type-2 diabetes (77,112,117).”
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Cardiovascular Effects of Androgens
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“Although this may be due to chance, this finding was surprising given previous studies linking metabolic syndrome to high androgen concentrations in women (Seidell et al., 1990; Andersson et al., 1994; Strowitzki et al., 2002).”
ResultSelf-citationWhy Men's Hearts Break: Cardiovascular Effects of Sex Steroids
Choi, B. G., & McLaughlin, M. A. (2007) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2007.03.011 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Endogenous hormones and coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women
Chen, Y., Zeleniuch‐Jacquotte, A., Arslan, A. A., Wójcik, O. P., Toniolo, P. G., Shore, R. E., Levitz, M., & Koenig, K. L. (2011) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.01.053 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“However, levels of SHBG and testosterone have been shown to be predictive of type 2 diabetes risk in several studies [28-31].”
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Self-citationLower muscle strength gains in older men with type 2 diabetes after resistance training
Ibáñez, J., Gorostiaga, E. M., Alonso, A. M., Forga, L., Argüelles, I., Larrión, J. L., & Izquierdo, M. (2008) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2007.06.008 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Furthermore, a potential physiological mechanism that explains these differences in our study could be associated with the greater declines observed in the functional capacity of the neuromuscular and/or neuroendocrine systems in older men with type 2 diabetes (Andersen et al., 2004; Andersson et al., 1994; Corrales e…”
BackgroundAndrogen Deficiency as a Predictor of Metabolic Syndrome in Aging Men
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Adverse health effects of testosterone deficiency (TD) in men
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Evaluation and Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction
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- Authors
- Andersson, B., Märin, P., Lissner, L., Vermeulen, A., & Björntorp, P.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University Hospital (BE)
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Belgium
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 1994-05-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 405-411
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2087471461
- Cited by
- 268
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, free testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, androgens, plasma insulin, obesity, waist-to-hip ratio, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Androgens, Blood Pressure, Body Weight, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Estradiol, Estrone, Female, Humans, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Reference Values, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Testosterone, Body Mass Index, Multivariate Analysis
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