Does the Metabolic Syndrome Improve Identification of Individuals at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and/or Cardiovascular Disease?

Stern, Michael P.; Williams, Ken; González-Villalpando, Clicerio; Hunt, Kelly J.; Haffner, Steven M.

doi:10.2337/diacare.27.11.2676

Cited by 735Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and LipoproteinsDiabetes Management and ResearchHealth Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention

Does the Metabolic Syndrome Improve Identification of Individuals at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and/or Cardiovascular Disease?

Stern, Michael P., Williams, Ken, González-Villalpando, Clicerio, Hunt, Kelly J., Haffner, Steven M.·2004·Diabetes Care

DOI 10.2337/diacare.27.11.2676

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE—The metabolic syndrome has been promoted as a method for identifying high-risk individuals for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We therefore sought to compare this syndrome, as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program, to the Diabetes Predicting Model and the Framingham Risk Score as predictors of type 2 diabetes and CVD, respectively. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A population-based sample of 1,709 initially nondiabetic San Antonio Heart Study (SAHS) participants were followed for 7.5 years, 195 of whom developed type 2 diabetes. Over the same time interval, 156 of 2,570 SAHS participants experienced a cardiovascular event. A population-based sample of 1,353 initially nondiabetic Mexico City Diabetes Study (MCDS) participants were followed for 6.5 years, 125 of whom developed type 2 diabetes. Baseline measurements included medical history, age, sex, ethnicity, smoking status, BMI, blood pressure, fasting and 2-h plasma glucose levels, and fasting serum total and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. RESULTS—The sensitivities for predicting diabetes with the metabolic syndrome were 66.2 and 62.4% in the SAHS and the MCDS, respectively, and the false-positive rates were 27.8 and 38.7%, respectively. The sensitivity and false-positive rates for predicting CVD with the metabolic syndrome in the SAHS were 67.3 and 34.2%, respectively. At corresponding false-positive rates, the two predicting models had significantly higher sensitivities and, at corresponding sensitivities, significantly lower false-positive rates than the metabolic syndrome for both end points. Combining the metabolic syndrome with either predicting model did not improve the prediction of either end point. CONCLUSIONS—The metabolic syndrome is inferior to established predicting models for either type 2 diabetes or CVD.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.2337/diacare.27.11.2676

Cites

18 of 18 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

People with the metabolic syndrome are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.
“Patients with the metabolic syndrome also are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus.”
From Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement (2005) · cites this paper as [61]

Summary of the second report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II)
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944 · see citing works
Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011 · see citing works
Comparing the Areas under Two or More Correlated Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves: A Nonparametric Approach
DeLong, E. R., DeLong, D. M., & Clarke-Pearson, D. L. (1988) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531595 · Cited by 22,649 · see citing works
Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease
Reaven, G. M. (1988) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.37.12.1595 · Cited by 12,154 · see citing works
Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories
Wilson, P. W. F., D’Agostino, R. B., Levy, D., Belanger, A. M., Silbershatz, H., & Kannel, W. B. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.18.1837 · Cited by 9,581 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men
Lakka, H.-M. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.21.2709 · Cited by 5,033 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome
Isomaa, B., Almgren, P., Tuomi, T., Forsén, B., Lahti, K., Nissén, M., Taskinen, M.-R., & Groop, L. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.4.683 · Cited by 4,760 · see citing works
Limitations of the Odds Ratio in Gauging the Performance of a Diagnostic, Prognostic, or Screening Marker
Pepe, M. S. (2004) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwh101 · Cited by 1,276 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome and Development of Diabetes Mellitus: Application and Validation of Recently Suggested Definitions of the Metabolic Syndrome in a Prospective Cohort Study
Laaksonen, D. E. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf145 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Predictors of Progression From Impaired Glucose Tolerance to NIDDM: An Analysis of Six Prospective Studies
Edelstein, S. L., Knowler, W. C., Bain, R. P., Andres, R., Barrett-Connor, E. L., Dowse, G. K., Haffher, S. M., Pettitt, D. J., Sorkin, J. D., Muller, D. C., et al. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.4.701 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Predictors of progression from impaired glucose tolerance to NIDDM: an analysis of six prospective studies
Edelstein, S. L., Knowler, W. C., Bain, R. P., Andres, R., Barrett-Connor, E. L., Dowse, G. K., Haffner, S. M., Pettitt, D. J., Sorkin, J. D., Muller, D. C., et al. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.46.4.701 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Self-citation
Components of the “Metabolic Syndrome” and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes
Hanson, R. L., Imperatore, G., Bennett, P. H., & Knowler, W. C. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.10.3120 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome and risk of major coronary events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) and the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS)
Girman, C. J., Rhodes, T., Mercuri, M. F., Pyörälà, K., KJEKSHUS, J. K., Pedersen, T. R., Beere, P. A., Gotto, A. M., & Clearfield, M. B. (2004) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.09.028 · Cited by 525 · see citing works
Identification of Persons at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Do We Need the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test?
D, M. P. S. M., Williams, K., & Haffner, S. M. (2002) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-8-200204160-00006 · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Self-citation
Treatment for patients with the metabolic syndrome
Ginsberg, H. N. (2003) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(02)03386-6 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Predicting Future Cardiovascular Disease
D, M. P. S. M., Fatehi, P., Williams, K., & Haffner, S. M. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.10.1851 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citation
Elevated incidence of type 2 diabetes in San Antonio, Texas, compared with that of Mexico City, Mexico.
Burke, J. P., Williams, K. C., Haffner, S., Villalpando, C., & Stern, M. P. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.9.1573 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citation
Untitled work
Alberti (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9136(199807)15:7

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2017 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Benjamin, E. J., Blaha, M. J., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., Deo, R., de Ferranti, S. D., Floyd, J., Fornage, M., Gillespie, C., et al. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000485 · Cited by 12,591 · see citing works
Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Daniels, S. R., Donato, K. A., Eckel, R. H., Franklin, B. A., Gordon, D. J., Krauss, R. M., Savage, P. J., Smith, S. C., et al. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.169404 · Cited by 11,961 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome—a new worldwide definition
Alberti, K. G. M., Zimmet, P., & Shaw, J. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67402-8 · Cited by 9,352 · see citing works
Heart disease and stroke statistics-2018 update: a report from the american heart association
Benjamin, E. J., Virani, S. S., Callaway, C. W., Chamberlain, A. M., Chang, A. R., Cheng, S., Chiuve, S. E., Cushman, M., Delling, F. N., Deo, R., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000558 · Cited by 7,146 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2012 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Writing Group Members, Roger, V. L., Go, A. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Borden, W. B., Bravata, D. M., Dai, S., Ford, E. S., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31823ac046 · Cited by 7,333 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., Das, S. R., de Ferranti, S., Després, J.-P., Fullerton, H. J., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000350 · Cited by 6,596 · see citing works
Metabolic syndrome—a new world‐wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation
Alberti, K. G. M. M., Zimmet, P., & Shaw, J. (2006) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.x · Cited by 6,597 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome
Eckel, R. H., Alberti, K., Grundy, S. M., & Zimmet, P. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61794-3 · Cited by 6,283 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2011 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Roger, V. L., Go, A. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Adams, R. J., Berry, J. D., Brown, T. M., Carnethon, M. R., Dai, S., de Simone, G., Ford, E. S., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182009701 · Cited by 6,149 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2015 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Mozaffarian, D., Benjamin, E. J., Go, A. S., Arnett, D. K., Blaha, M. J., Cushman, M., de Ferranti, S., Després, J.-P., Fullerton, H. J., Howard, V. J., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000152 · Cited by 5,797 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2010 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, Lloyd-Jones, D., Adams, R. J., Brown, T. M., Carnethon, M., Dai, S., De Simone, G., Ferguson, T. B., Ford, E., Furie, K., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.192667 · Cited by 5,700 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome
Eckel, R. H., Grundy, S. M., & Zimmet, P. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66378-7 · Cited by 5,566 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2014 Update
Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Blaha, M. J., Dai, S., Ford, E. S., Fox, C. S., Franco, S., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000441139.02102.80 · Cited by 5,207 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2013 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
Go, A. S., Mozaffarian, D., Roger, V. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Borden, W. B., Bravata, D. M., Dai, S., Ford, E. S., Fox, C. S., et al. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e31828124ad · Cited by 5,292 · see citing works
Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome
Després, J.-P., & Lemieux, I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05488 · Cited by 4,354 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2009 Update
WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, Lloyd‐Jones, D. M., Adams, R. J., Carnethon, M. R., SIMONE, G. D., Ferguson, T. B., Flegal, K. M., Ford, E. S., Furie, K. L., Go, A. S., et al. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.191259 · Cited by 3,891 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2008 Update
Writing Group Members, Rosamond, W. D., Flegal, K. M., Furie, K. L., Go, A. S., Greenlund, K. J., Haase, N., Hailpern, S. M., Ho, M., Howard, V. J., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.187998 · Cited by 3,745 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2007 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee
Rosamond, W., Flegal, K., Friday, G., Furie, K., Go, A., Greenlund, K., Haase, N., Ho, M., Howard, V., Kissela, B., et al. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.179918 · Cited by 3,277 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2009 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee
WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, Lloyd-Jones, D., Adams, R., Carnethon, M., De Simone, G., Ferguson, T. B., Flegal, K., Ford, E., Furie, K., Go, A., et al. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.191261 · Cited by 3,140 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 2,737 · see citing works
The Metabolic Syndrome: Time for a Critical Appraisal
Kahn, R., Buse, J. B., Ferrannini, E., & D, M. P. S. M. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.9.2289 · Cited by 2,389 · see citing works
The Metabolic Syndrome
Cornier, M.-A., Dabelea, D., Hernandez, T. L., Lindstrom, R. C., Steig, A. J., Stob, N. R., Van Pelt, R. E., Wang, H., & Eckel, R. H. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2008-0024 · Cited by 2,162 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents ? an IDF consensus report
Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M., Kaufman, F., Tajima, N., Silink, M., Arslanian, S., Wong, G., Bennett, P., Shaw, J., Caprio, S., et al. (2007) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00271.x · Cited by 2,013 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Events and Death
Gami, A. S., Witt, B. J., Howard, D. E., Erwin, P. J., Gami, L. A., Somers, V. K., & Montori, V. M. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.09.032 · Cited by 1,888 · see citing works
Risks for All-Cause Mortality, Cardiovascular Disease, and Diabetes Associated With the Metabolic Syndrome
Ford, E. S. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.7.1769 · Cited by 1,702 · see citing works
Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary
Rydén, L., Standl, E., Bartnik, M., den Berghe, G. V., Betteridge, J. D., de Boer, M., Cosentino, F., Jönsson, B., Laakso, M., Malmberg, K., et al. (2007) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl260 · Cited by 1,638 · see citing works
The Metabolic Syndrome
Grundy, S. M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5839-6_1 · Cited by 1,225 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome vs Framingham Risk Score for Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Wannamethee, S. G., Shaper, A. G., LENNON, L. T., & Morris, R. W. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.22.2644 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome: A Multiplex Cardiovascular Risk Factor
Grundy, S. M. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-0513 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Pre-Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Risk
Grundy, S. M. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.080 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome and Incident Diabetes
Ford, E. S., Li, C., & Sattar, N. A. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-0423 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Pathogenic potential of adipose tissue and metabolic consequences of adipocyte hypertrophy and increased visceral adiposity
Bays, H. E., González-Campoy, J. M., Bray, G. A., Kitabchi, A. E., Bergman, D. A., Schorr, A. B., Rodbard, H. W., & Henry, R. R. (2008) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1586/14779072.6.3.343 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
A comparison of ten-year cardiac risk estimates in schizophrenia patients from the CATIE study and matched controls
Goff, D. C., Sullivan, L. M., McEvoy, J. P., Meyer, J. M., Nasrallah, H. A., Daumit, G. L., Lamberti, S., D'Agostino, R. B., Stroup, T. S., Davis, S., et al. (2005) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.08.010 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
A journey into a Mediterranean diet and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with meta-analyses
Esposito, K., Maiorino, M. I., Bellastella, G., Chiodini, P., Panagiotakos, D., & Giugliano, D. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008222 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Can metabolic syndrome usefully predict cardiovascular disease and diabetes? Outcome data from two prospective studies
Sattar, N. A., McConnachie, A., Shaper, A. G., Blauw, G. J., Buckley, B. M., de Craen, A. J. M., Ford, I., Forouhi, N. G., Freeman, D. J., Jukema, J. W., et al. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60602-9 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
A European Evidence-Based Guideline for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Paulweber, B., Valensi, P. E., Lindström, J., Lalic, N. M., Greaves, C. J., McKee, M., Kissimova‐Skarbek, K., Liatis, S., Cosson, E., Szendroedi, J., et al. (2010) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1240928 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Identifying Individuals at High Risk for Diabetes
Schmidt, M. I., Duncan, B. B., Bang, H., Pankow, J. S., Ballantyne, C. M., Golden, S. H., Folsom, A. R., Chambless, L. E., & for the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Investigators (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.8.2013 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Daniels, S. R., Donato, K. A., Eckel, R. H., Franklin, B. A., Gordon, D. J., Krauss, R. M., Savage, P. J., Smith, S. C., et al. (2005) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/01.hco.0000200416.65370.a0 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome: requiescat in pace
Reaven, G. M. (2005) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2005.048611 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
Adiposopathy
Bays, H. E. (2011) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.02.038 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Relevance of Sympathetic Nervous System Activation in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Thorp, A. A., & Schlaich, M. P. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2015/341583 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease
Qiao, Q., Gao, W., Zhang, L., Nyamdorj, R., & Tuomilehto, J. O. (2007) · Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1258/000456307780480963 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal
Kahn, R., Buse, J., Ferrannini, E., & Stern, M. (2005) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1876-2 · Cited by 2,334 · see citing works
Inflammation as a Link between Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Faloia, E., Grazia, M., Robertis, M. D., Luconi, M. P., Furlani, G., & Boscaro, M. (2012) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2012/476380 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Testosterone deficiency, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome
Zitzmann, M. (2009) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2009.212 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Metabolic syndrome as a predictor of type 2 diabetes, and its clinical interpretations and usefulness
Shin, J., Lee, J., Lim, S., Ha, H., Kwon, H., Park, Y., Lee, W., Kang, M., Yim, H., Yoon, K., et al. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.12075 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome using WHO, ATPIII and IDF definitions in Asian Indians: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES‐34)
Deepa, M., Syed, F., Datta, M., Deepa, R., & Mohan, V. (2006) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.658 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Melatonin treatment improves blood pressure, lipid profile, and parameters of oxidative stress in patients with metabolic syndrome: Melatonin in metabolic syndrome
Koziróg, M., Poliwczak, A. R., Duchnowicz, P., Koter-Michalak, M., Sikora, J., & Broncel, M. (2011) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00835.x · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Risk assessment tools for identifying individuals at risk of developing type 2 diabetes
Buijsse, B., Simmons, R. K., Griffin, S. J., & Schulze, M. B. (2011) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxq019 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Development of Age-Specific Adolescent Metabolic Syndrome Criteria That Are Linked to the Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation Criteria
Jolliffe, C. J., & Janssen, I. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.065 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Drug therapy of the metabolic syndrome: minimizing the emerging crisis in polypharmacy
Grundy, S. M. (2006) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd2005 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Preventing Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes
Eckel, R. H., Kahn, R., Robertson, R. M., & Rizza, R. A. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.176583 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Insulin Resistance, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease
Jeppesen, J., Hansen, T. W., Rasmussen, S. L., Ibsen, H., Torp-Pedersen, C. T., & Madsbad, S. (2007) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.01.088 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Yacon syrup: Beneficial effects on obesity and insulin resistance in humans
Genta, S. B., Cabrera, W. M., Habib, N. C., Pons, J., Carillo, I. M., Grau, A., & Sánchez, S. (2009) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2009.01.013 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Adiposity and insulin resistance in humans: the role of the different tissue and cellular lipid depots.
Hocking, S. L., Samocha-Bonet, D., Milner, K.-L., Greenfield, J., & Chisholm, D. (2013) · Endocrine reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2012-1041 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Assessment of Claims of Improved Prediction Beyond the Framingham Risk Score
Tzoulaki, I. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1757 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
A Risk Score for Predicting Incident Diabetes in the Thai Population
Aekplakorn, W., Bunnag, P., Woodward, M., Sritara, P., Cheepudomwit, S., Yamwong, S., Yipintsoi, T., & Rajatanavin, R. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc05-2141 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Ethnic differences in the ability of triglyceride levels to identify insulin resistance
Sumner, A. E., & Cowie, C. C. (2008) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.12.018 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome – What is it and how should it be managed?
Nilsson, P. M., Tuomilehto, J. O., & Rydén, L. (2019) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487319886404 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Gender Aspects of the Role of the Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease
Regitz‐Zagrosek, V., Lehmkuhl, E., & Mahmoodzadeh, S. (2007) · Gender Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1550-8579(07)80056-8 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome: Focus on Dyslipidemia
Ginsberg, H. N., Zhang, Y., & Hernández‐Ono, A. (2006) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2006.281 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Prediction of first coronary events with the Framingham score: A systematic review
Eichler, K., Puhan, M. A., Steurer, J., & Bachmann, L. M. (2007) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2007.02.027 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome: time to get off the merry-go-round?: Review: The metabolic syndrome
Reaven, G. M. (2011) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02325.x · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Enlarged Waist Combined With Elevated Triglycerides Is a Strong Predictor of Accelerated Atherogenesis and Related Cardiovascular Mortality in Postmenopausal Women
Tankó, L. B., Bagger, Y. Z., Qin, G., Alexandersen, P., Larsen, P. J., & Christiansen, C. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000161801.65408.8d · Cited by 210 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome and incidence of cardiovascular disease in non‐diabetic subjects—a population‐based study comparing three different definitions
Nilsson, P. M., Engström, G., & Hedblad, B. (2007) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02142.x · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Two Risk-Scoring Systems for Predicting Incident Diabetes Mellitus in U.S. Adults Age 45 to 64 Years
Kahn, H. S., Cheng, Y. J., Thompson, T. J., Imperatore, G., & Gregg, E. W. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-11-200906020-00002 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
The Prediction of Major Outcomes of Type 1 Diabetes: a 12-Year Prospective Evaluation of Three Separate Definitions of the Metabolic Syndrome and Their Components and Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate
Pambianco, G., Costacou, T., & Orchard, T. J. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-2053 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Alcohol consumption and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome: A meta-analysis of observational studies
Alkerwi, A., Boutsen, M., Vaillant, M., Barré, J., Lair, M., Albert, A., Guillaume, M., & Dramaix, M. (2008) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.036 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Gut microbiome and metabolic syndrome
Mazidi, M., Rezaie, P., Kengne, A. P., Ghayour‐Mobarhan, M., & Ferns, G. A. (2016) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2016.01.024 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Menopause is an independent predictor of metabolic syndrome in Iranian women
Eshtiaghi, R., Esteghamati, A., & Nakhjavani, M. (2010) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.11.004 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes in Patients at Metabolic Risk: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Rosenzweig, J. L., Ferrannini, E., Grundy, S. M., Haffner, S. M., Heine, R. J., Horton, E. S., & Kawamori, R. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0222 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citation
Anti‐Inflammatory Effects of a Vegan Diet Versus the American Heart Association–Recommended Diet in Coronary Artery Disease Trial
Shah, B., Newman, J., Woolf, K., Ganguzza, L., Guo, Y., Allen, N., Zhong, J., Fisher, E., & Slater, J. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association : Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.011367 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Hemostatic Markers of Endothelial Dysfunction and Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes
Meigs, J. B., O’Donnell, C. J., Tofler, G. H., Benjamin, E. J., Fox, C. S., Lipinska, I., Nathan, D. M., SULLIVAN, L. M., D’Agostino, R. B., & Wilson, P. W. F. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.55.02.06.db05-1041 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Adipokines: Linking metabolic syndrome, the immune system, and arthritic diseases
Francisco, V., Ruiz‐Fernández, C., Pino, J., Mera, A., González-Gay, M. Á., Gómez, R., Lago, F., Mobasheri, A., & Gualillo, O. (2019) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.030 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Genetic determinants of the metabolic syndrome
Pollex, R. L., & Hegele, R. A. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1038/ncpcardio0638 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Refined grain consumption and the metabolic syndrome in urban Asian Indians (Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study 57)
Radhika, G., Van Dam, R. M., Sudha, V., Ganesan, A., & Mohan, V. (2009) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.01.008 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome and Mortality in Older Adults
Mozaffarian, D., Kamineni, A., Prineas, R. J., & Siscovick, D. S. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.9.969 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Framingham risk score for estimation of 10-years of cardiovascular diseases risk in patients with metabolic syndrome
Jahangiry, L., Farhangi, M. A., & Rezaei, F. M. (2017) · Journal of Health Population and Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s41043-017-0114-0 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism
Yu, Y., Raka, F., & Adeli, K. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8122227 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Epidemiology of the metabolic syndrome in the USA
McCullough, A. J. (2010) · Journal of Digestive Diseases · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2980.2010.00469.x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Natural History of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Diabetes
Miličević, Z., Raz, I., Beattie, S. D., Campaigne, B. N., Sarwat, S., Gromniak, E., Kowalska, I., Galić, E., Tan, M. H., & Hanefeld, M. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-s240 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Metabolic syndrome, inflammation and atherosclerosis
Paoletti, R., Bolego, C., Poli, A., & Cignarella, A. (2006) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.2.145 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome
Kahn, R. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.658336 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Natural approaches in metabolic syndrome management
Patti, A. M., Al‐Rasadi, K., Giglio, R. V., Nikolić, D., Mannina, C. M., Castellino, G., Chianetta, R., Banach, M., Cicero, A. F. G., Lippi, G., et al. (2017) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2017.68717 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Metabolic syndrome: A review of the role of vitamin D in mediating susceptibility and outcome
Strange, R. C. (2015) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i7.896 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Phytotherapy in the management of diabetes: A review
Governa, P., Baini, G., Borgonetti, V., Cettolin, G., Giachetti, D., Magnano, A., Miraldi, E., & Biagi, M. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23010105 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Relationship between the Concentrations of Heavy Metals and Bioelements in Aging Men with Metabolic Syndrome
Rotter, I., Kosik-Bogacka, D. I., Dołęgowska, B., Safranow, K., Lubkowska, A., & Laszczyńska, M. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120403944 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Effects of PREMIER Lifestyle Modifications on Participants With and Without the Metabolic Syndrome
Lien, L. F., Brown, A. J., Ard, J. D., Loria, C. M., Erlinger, T. P., Feldstein, A. C., Lin, P., Champagne, C. M., King, A. C., McGuire, H. L., et al. (2007) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.089458 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Bipolar Disorder and the Metabolic Syndrome
Fagiolini, A. M., Chengappa, K. N. R., Soreca, I., & Chang, J. P. (2008) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200822080-00004 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance
Bagry, H., Raghavendran, S., Carli, F., Warner, D. S., & Warner, M. A. A. (2008) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0b013e3181649314 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Is Associated with Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents
Chan, T., Lin, W., Huang, H., Lee, C., Wu, P., Chiu, Y. W., Huang, C.-C., Tsai, S., Lin, C., & Lin, C. (2014) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu6052088 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
A review of the metabolic syndrome.
Balkau, B., Valensi, P., Eschwège, E., & Slama, G. (2007) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2007.08.001 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Plasma Levels of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Outcomes in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Heresi, G. A., Aytekin, M., Newman, J. E., DiDonato, J. A., & Dweik, R. A. (2010) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201001-0007oc · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Primary Prevention of ASCVD and T2DM in Patients at Metabolic Risk: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline
Rosenzweig, J. L., Bakris, G. L., Berglund, L., Hivert, M., Horton, E. S., Kalyani, R. R., Murad, M. H., & Vergès, B. L. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2019-01338 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Mainstreaming the metabolic syndrome: a definitive definition
Zimmet, P., Shaw, J. E., & Alberti, K. G. M. M. (2005) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06987.x · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and factors associated with its components in Chinese adults
Zuo, H., Shi, Z., Hu, X., Wu, M., Guo, Z., & Hussain, A. (2009) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.04.008 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Low Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index Predicts Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Independent of the Metabolic Syndrome and Conventional Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Edinburgh Artery Study
Wild, S. H., Byrne, C. D., Smith, F. B., Lee, A. J., & Fowkes, F. G. R. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-1637 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Role of fish oil in human health and possible mechanism to reduce the inflammation
Ellulu, M. S., Khaza’ai, H., Abed, Y. A., Rahmat, A. B., Ismail, P., & Ranneh, Y. (2015) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-015-0228-1 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ferraz‐Amaro, I., González‐Juanatey, C., López‐Mejías, R., Riancho‐Zarrabeitia, L., & González-Gay, M. Á. (2013) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2013/710928 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Chronic Kidney Disease
Tanner, R. M., Brown, T. M., & Muntner, P. (2012) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-012-0254-y · Cited by 121 · see citing works

Metabolic Syndrome Adds Little to Prediction of Diabetes and CVD
Soloway, B. (2008) · Journal watch · doi:10.1056/jw200807290000003
Metabolic syndrome—what is the clinical usefulness?
Kahn, R. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60731-x · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome Model Definitions Predicting Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
Povel, C. M., Beulens, J. W. J., van der Schouw, Y. T., Dollé, M. E. T., Spijkerman, A. M. W., Verschuren, W. M. M., Feskens, E. J. M., & Boer, J. M. A. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-2546 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in the British Regional Heart Study
Wannamethee, S. G. (2008) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.32 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Assessing the added predictive ability of a metabolic syndrome severity score in predicting incident cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and Jackson Heart Study
Guo, Y. M., Musani, S. K., Sims, M., Pearson, T. A., DeBoer, M. D., & Gurka, M. J. (2018) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-018-0344-3 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Authors: Stern, M. P., Williams, K., González-Villalpando, C., Hunt, K. J., & Haffner, S. M.
Affiliations: Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
Centro de Estudios en Diabetes, The American British Cowdray Hospital and Unidades de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Metabólicas y Epidemiología Clínica, Hospital Gabriel Mancera, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
ORCID: Hunt, Kelly J.
Venue: Diabetes Care
Publisher: American Diabetes Association
Published: 2004-11-01
Volume: 27
Issue: 11
Pages: 2676-2681
ISSN: 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
1935-5548
DOI: 10.2337/diacare.27.11.2676
OpenAlex: W1975366890
Cited by: 735
References: 17
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 43
FWCI: 31.54
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2005-01-01)
Open access: closed
Locations: Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL024799, R01HL036820)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
Keywords: metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, risk prediction, Framingham risk score, sensitivity and false positive rate, San Antonio Heart Study, risk stratification
MeSH terms: Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, False Positive Reactions, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Predictive Value of Tests, Risk, Likelihood Functions, Metabolic Syndrome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Does the Metabolic Syndrome Improve Identification of Individuals at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and/or Cardiovascular Disease?

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks