Home-based resistance training is not sufficient to maintain improved glycemic control following supervised training in older individuals with type 2 diabetes
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE—To examine whether improvements in glycemic control and body composition resulting from 6 months of supervised high-intensity progressive resistance training could be maintained after an additional 6 months of home-based resistance training. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We performed a 12-month randomized controlled trial in 36 sedentary, overweight men and women with type 2 diabetes (aged 60–80 years) who were randomly assigned to moderate weight loss plus high-intensity progressive resistance training (RT&WL group) or moderate weight loss plus a control program (WL group). Supervised gymnasium-based training for 6 months was followed by an additional 6 months of home-based training. Glycemic control (HbA1c), body composition, muscle strength, and metabolic syndrome abnormalities were assessed at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. RESULTS—Compared with the WL group, HbA1c decreased significantly more in the RT&WL group (−0.8%) during 6 months of supervised gymnasium-based training; however, this effect was not maintained after an additional 6 months of home-based training. In contrast, the greater increase in lean body mass (LBM) observed in the RT&WL group compared with the WL group (0.9 kg, P < 0.05) after the gymnasium-based training tended to be maintained after the home-based training (0.8 kg, P = 0.08). Similarly, the gymnasium-based increases in upper body and lower body muscle strength in the RT&WL group were maintained over the 12 months (P < 0.001). There were no between-group differences for changes in body weight, fat mass, fasting glucose, or insulin at 6 or 12 months. CONCLUSIONS—In older adults with type 2 diabetes, home-based progressive resistance training was effective for maintaining the gymnasium-based improvements in muscle strength and LBM but not glycemic control. Reductions in adherence and exercise training volume and intensity seem to impede the effectiveness of home-based training for maintaining improved glycemic control.
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Resistance machines and free weights can result in fairly equivalent gains in strength and mass of targeted muscles.
“Resistance machines and free weights (e.g., dumbbells and barbells) can result in fairly equivalent gains in strength and mass of targeted muscles”
From Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
The Intervention and Anthropometric and body composition measures sections describe machine-based training followed by free-weight training: strength and lean body mass improved during the machine-based phase, and those improvements were largely maintained during the free-weight phase. The paper says the home-based phase produced no further strength gains and that its sequential design does not permit a direct comparison, so it does not establish fairly equivalent gains from the two types of equipment. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCR intervention in elderly humans results in a reduction or maintenance of muscle strength.
“CR intervention in elderly humans results in a reduction [18,19] or maintenance [15,16,20,24] of muscle strength.”
From Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports that older adults with type 2 diabetes maintained gains in upper- and lower-body strength over 12 months. However, those gains occurred in the group receiving moderate weight loss plus resistance training; the paper does not establish that caloric restriction alone maintained strength. This source supports the sentence’s maintenance portion, not its reduction portion. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHome-based resistance training following supervised, gym-based training may be less effective for maintaining BG control but adequate for maintaining muscle mass and strength.
“Home-based resistance training following supervised, gym-based training may be less effective for maintaining BG control but adequate for maintaining muscle mass and strength”
From Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [66]
There is only one relevant previous study of home-based resistance exercise, which was in the weight maintenance phase and found that such exercise had no effect on fat free mass.
“There is, to our knowledge, only one relevant previous study of home-based resistance exercise, although this was in the weight maintenance phase which, similar to the current study, found that such exercise had no effect on fat free mass [47].”
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- Authors
- Dunstan, D. W., Daly, R. M., Owen, N., Jolley, D., Vulikh, E., Shaw, J., & Zimmet, P.
- Affiliations
- International Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Deakin University (AU)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2005-01-01
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-9
- ISSN
- 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-5548
- OpenAlex
- W2144540019
- Semantic Scholar
- cae24cc686f528b739c77c8bc52b3b14a970536f
- Cited by
- 194
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- type 2 diabetes, older adults, home-based resistance training, glycemic control, HbA1c, body composition, lean body mass, muscle strength, weight loss, exercise adherence, retention of training effects, metabolic syndrome
- MeSH terms
- Insulin Secretion, Aged, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Diabetes Complications, Body Size
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